Sol-gel synthesis of transition metal oxides based electrode materials for supercapacitors
Dhiraj Sud
Supercapacitors are electrochemical devices used for portable consumer electronics devices, electric devices, and large-scale grids. The advantageous features of supercapacitors are high power density, fast charge /discharge rate long life cycle, a wide range of operating temperature (-40 to 70oC), environment-friendly and low maintenance cost. Supercapacitors store the charge either by ion adsorption at the electrode/electrolyte interface (electrochemical double layer capacitors) or reversible Faradaic reactions (pseudocapacitors). Most of the commercial supercapacitors store energy by electric double layer formation and utilize the carbon as an electrode material. Carbon-based electrode materials have excellent cycling stability, high lifetime cycle and economic viability but low energy density (3-5Wh/Kg) and poor electrochemical stability are the limitations. Transition metal oxides have been considered suitable candidates for the energy storage by pseudocapacitance. The metal oxides also provide higher energy density and better electrochemical stability. Sol-gel is a simple and cheap method of synthesis which yields the products of high purity and good homogeneity. Sol-gel methods have been successfully developed to prepare many metal oxides such as TiO2, V2O5, Mn3O4, Fe3O4, Co3O4, NiO, Cu2O, ZnO as well as binary metal oxides. The process offers the advantages of formation of materials with diverse morphological structures and has also been successfully applied for the preparation of nanoparticles, films, and composites. The electrode material prepared by this technique exhibits high surface area and improved electrochemical behavior which can be further controlled by variation of surfactants, solvents, reaction time and temperature. Thus the sol-gel method is promising, an environment friendly technique to synthesize transition metal oxide based electrode materials with superior electrochemical properties for their use in supercapacitors.
Keywords
Supercapacitors, Electrostatic Capacitors, Pseudocapacitors, Charge Storage, Sol-Gel Synthesis, Transition Metal Oxides
Published online 1/15/2018, 31 pages
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291531-7
Part of Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Capacitors
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