Systematic Aircraft Propulsive System Generation for Sizing, Evaluation and Selection

Systematic Aircraft Propulsive System Generation for Sizing, Evaluation and Selection

Enzo DELLA BELLA, Valérie POMMIER-BUDINGER, Scott DELBECQ, Joël JEZEGOU, Marija JANKOVIC, Alain LEFEBVRE

Abstract. To mitigate the projected increase in emissions of the aeronautical sector, companies investigate novel propulsive systems. Three main aspects are considered: energy sources (e.g., electricity, hydrogen), powertrain technologies and equipment (e.g., fuel cells, smart motors), and propulsive architectures (e.g., series/parallel hybrid-electric, distributed propulsion). The need to study these alternatives results in a vast design space, as each potential solution has benefits and drawbacks. To facilitate the exploration of the design space, this paper presents a methodology to generate, evaluate and select aircraft propulsive architectures. The application of the method to design the propulsive system of a twin-engine commuter aircraft illustrates its capabilities. It enables easy comparison between propulsive architectures, hybridization strategies and technology assumptions.

Keywords
System Architecture, Automatic Architecture Generation, Safety, Aircraft Design, Hybrid-Electric Aircraft

Published online 7/20/2026, 6 pages
Copyright © 2026 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA

Citation: Enzo DELLA BELLA, Valérie POMMIER-BUDINGER, Scott DELBECQ, Joël JEZEGOU, Marija JANKOVIC, Alain LEFEBVRE, Systematic Aircraft Propulsive System Generation for Sizing, Evaluation and Selection, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 69, pp 469-474, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644904251-85

The article was published as article 85 of the book CEAS – AIDAA Conference 2025

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

References
[1] Delbecq, S., Fontane, J., Gourdain, N., Planès, T., and Simatos, F., 2023, “Sustainable Aviation in the Context of the Paris Agreement: A Review of Prospective Scenarios and Their Technological Mitigation Levers,” Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 141, p. 100920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2023.100920
[2] ICAO, “Trends in Emissions That Affect Climate Change.” [Online]. Available: https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Pages/ClimateChange_Trends.aspx.
[3] Sirtori, G., Aigner, B., Wehrle, E., Riboldi, C. E. D., and Trainelli, L., 2025, “Innovative Aircraft Propulsive Configurations: Technology Evaluation and Operations in the SIENA Project,” Aerospace, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12030240
[4] Antcliff, K., Guynn, M., Marien, T., Wells, D., Schneider, S., and Tong, M., 2016, “Mission Analysis and Aircraft Sizing of a Hybrid-Electric Regional Aircraft.” https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-1028
[5] Riboldi, C. E. D., 2018, “An Optimal Approach to the Preliminary Design of Small Hybrid-Electric Aircraft,” Aerospace Science and Technology, 81, pp. 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2018.07.042
[6] Moebs, N., Eisenhut, D., Windels, E., Pols, J., and Strohmayer, A., 2022, “Adaptive Initial Sizing Method and Safety Assessment for Hybrid-Electric Regional Aircraft,” Aerospace, 9, p. 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9030150
[7] Balack, P., Atanasov, G., and Zill, T., 2023, “Architectural Trade-Offs for a Hybrid-Electric Regional Aircraft.” https://doi.org/10.13009/EUCASS2023-463
[8] Patel, S., Ahuja, J., Ragauss, E., Gladin, J., and Mavris, D., 2024, “Development of a Blended Wing Body Aircraft with Hydrogen-Electric Hybrid Distributed Propulsion.” https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-0282
[9] Guo, Y., Chow, J., Chen, H., Qiao, X., and Fan, C., 2024, “Conceptual Design and Optimization of a Hydrogen-Powered Aircraft with a Dorsal Tank Layout,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2882(1), p. 012022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2882/1/012022
[10] Nguyen Van, E., Gauvrit-Ledogar, J., Julien, C., Paluch, B., Ruan, J. L., and Moens, F., 2024, “Impact of Hydrogen Fuel on Overall Design of Transport Aircraft,” ICAS 2024, Florence, Italy. [Online]. Available: https://hal.science/hal-04778307
[11] O’Sullivan, G., Horvat, A. B., Jézégou, J., Carrasco, B. J., and André, R., 2025, “Hydrogen Aircraft, Technologies and Operations Towards Certification Readiness Level 1,” Aerospace, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12060490
[12] Marinaro, G., Di Lorenzo, G., and Antonio, P., 2022, “From a Battery-Based to a PEM Fuel Cell-Based Propulsion Architecture on a Lightweight Full Electric Aircraft: A Comparative Numerical Study,” Aerospace, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9080408
[13] Vonhoff, G. L. M., 2021, “Conceptual Design of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Aircraft,” TU Delft. [Online]. Available: https://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8bd63dec-b67b-496b-92bc-3d5c07ff859f
[14] Aigner, B., Wehrle, E., Struiwig, W., Sirtori, G., Riboldi, C. E. D., and Trainelli, L., 2023, “Consideration of Technology Scalability in the Design of Electric Propulsion System Architectures.” https://doi.org/10.13009/EUCASS2023-273
[15] Bryant, C., Mcadams, D., Stone, R., Kurtoglu, T., and Campbell, M., 2005, “A Computational Technique for Concept Generation,” ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Long Beach, California USA. https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2005-85323
[16] Billinton, R., and Allan, R. N., 1992, Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems: Concepts and Techniques, Springer, Boston, MA.
[17] Lutz, F., Jezegou, J., Budinger, M., and Reysset, A., 2025, “Open-Source Framework for Sizing Hybrid and Electric General Aviation Aircraft,” Journal of Aircraft, 62(2), pp. 381–395. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C038004
[18] Pattanayak, T., and Mavris, D., 2025, “Battery Technology for Sustainable Aviation: A Review of Current Trends and Future Prospects,” Applied Energy, 397, p. 126356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126356
[19] Townsend, A., Jiya, I. N., Martinson, C., Bessarabov, D., and Gouws, R., 2020, “A Comprehensive Review of Energy Sources for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Their Shortfalls and Opportunities for Improvements,” Heliyon, 6(11), p. e05285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05285