Employing response surface methodology to optimize activated carbon production from rice husk for lithium-ion battery applications
Farhana Syakirah ISMAIL, Muhammad Norhaffis MUSTAFA, Arshid NUMAN
Abstract. Activated carbon (AC) derived from rice husk (RH) has gained significant attention as a viable anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high specific capacity, excellent conductivity, and sustainability. This study aims to optimize the carbonization process using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the Design of Experiment (DoE) application to enhance the production of AC. The optimization parameters include microwave carbonization temperatures of 140°C, 160°C, and 180°C, and times of 10 minutes, 25 minutes, and 40 minutes. The optimization of the carbonization process is critical for enhancing the electrochemical performance of AC, yet the ideal conditions remain inadequately explored in existing literature. The recommended carbonization parameters identified through the optimization process are 160°C for 40 minutes. Three validation experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of these parameters. The expected initial specific capacity was 467.238 mAh/g, while the results obtained were 461.55 mAh/g, 444.43 mAh/g, and 487.05 mAh/g, with relative standard errors (RSE) of 1.22%, 4.88%, and 4.24%, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of rice husk-derived AC to serve as an effective anode material in LIBs. The findings underscore the importance of optimizing carbonization processes to enhance the electrochemical performance of AC, contributing to the development of sustainable energy storage solutions. This research not only advances the understanding of carbonization techniques but also promotes the utilization of agricultural waste, aligning with sustainability goals in battery technology.
Keywords
Activated Carbon, Lithium-Ion Batteries, Clean and Affordable Energy, Response Surface Methodology, Specific Capacity, Climate Action
Published online 6/20/2026, 7 pages
Copyright © 2026 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA
Citation: Farhana Syakirah ISMAIL, Muhammad Norhaffis MUSTAFA, Arshid NUMAN, Employing response surface methodology to optimize activated carbon production from rice husk for lithium-ion battery applications, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 67, pp 24-30, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644904176-4
The article was published as article 4 of the book Climate Action and Sustainability
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
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