Synthesis of N-Substituted Pyrroles by Citric Acid
Mohd Amin MIR, Syed Muhammad HASNAIN, Kim ANDREWS, Ercan BURSAL
Abstract. The Paal-Knorr reaction plays an important role in the synthesis of pyrrole in heterocyclic chemistry; however, conventional procedures can often involve toxic reagents or conditions that are not appropriate for building pyrroles. This study presents an environmentally sustainable route for synthesizing N-substituted pyrroles via the use of citric acid as a catalyst. The use of citric acid’s natural acidity and other components, combined with amines the reaction enables moderate cyclisation of amine compounds with 1,4-butanedione to take place without the use of toxic reagents. Because this process uses only renewable resources, has good yield, is reusable and meets green chemistry specifications, it can potentially provide materials that are used in many fields including Materials Science, Agrochemicals and Pharmaceutical.
Keywords
Citric Acid, Sustainability, Pyrroles, Amines, Natural Catalyst
Published online 4/25/2026, 6 pages
Copyright © 2026 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA
Citation: Mohd Amin MIR, Syed Muhammad HASNAIN, Kim ANDREWS, Ercan BURSAL, Synthesis of N-Substituted Pyrroles by Citric Acid, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 64, pp 585-590, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644904091-73
The article was published as article 73 of the book Energy Futures
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
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