Mechanical Properties of Camouflage Coating Systems Used in Military Technology

Mechanical Properties of Camouflage Coating Systems Used in Military Technology

Marek MICHALSKI, Norbert RADEK, Marcin SZCZEPANIAK

Abstract. This article presents the results of experimental studies on the performance properties of camouflage coating systems intended for military applications. Three types of paint systems were tested: a reference system (SP1), a system modified with carbon nanotubes (SP2), and a system modified with glass microspheres (SP3). The coatings were applied to low-carbon steel substrates and tested for abrasion, erosion, and scratch resistance according to Polish and ISO standards. The results showed that the unmodified coating (SP1) demonstrated the highest abrasion and erosion resistance, while the system containing glass microspheres (SP3) achieved the best scratch resistance (10.78 N). Modification with carbon nanotubes (SP2) did not significantly improve the mechanical durability of the coatings. The studies confirm that the use of selected modifiers can improve some functional parameters of paint systems, but not necessarily all performance properties. The results provide a basis for further optimization of camouflage coatings used in military applications. Their purpose is to increase their service life and mechanical strength under demanding environmental and operational conditions.

Keywords
Military, Camouflage, Coating System, Military Equipment And Vehicles, Erosion Wear, Abrasion, Scratch

Published online 1/25/2026, 9 pages
Copyright © 2026 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA

Citation: Marek MICHALSKI, Norbert RADEK, Marcin SZCZEPANIAK, Mechanical Properties of Camouflage Coating Systems Used in Military Technology, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 62, pp 43-51, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644904015-6

The article was published as article 6 of the book Terotechnology XIV

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

References
[1] M. Michalski, Paint coatings in military applications general characteristics. System Safety: Human – Technical Facility – Environment 5 (2023) 285-293. https:// DOI:10.2478/czoto-2023-0031
[2] D. Kotnarowska, Destruction of polymer coatings under the influence of operating factors, UTH Publishing House in Radom, 2013. (in Polish)
[3] N. Radek, M. Michalski, J. Kamiński, M. Szczepaniak, S. Kowalkowski, Analysis of the performance properties of coating systems for military applications, Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal19, 5 (2025) 200–212. https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/201155
[4] S. Rossi, F. Deflorian, E Scrinzi, Comparison of different abrasion mechanisms on aesthetic properties of organic coatings, Wear 267 (2009) 1574-1580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2009.06.021
[5] W. Jasiński et al., Static Mechanical Force Amplifier on the Example of a Fastener with an Electromagnetic Bolt, Materials Research Proceedings 34 (2023) 246-251. https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644902691-29
[6] A. Wronska et al., Effect of tool pin length on microstructure and mechanical strength of the FSW joints of Al 7075 metal sheets, Communications – Scientific Letters of the University of Žilina 21 (2019) 40-47.
[7] J. Takosoglu et al., A Design of a 2 DoF Planar Parallel Manipulator with an Electro-Pneumatic Servo-Drive – Part 2, Energies 16 (2023) art. 2970. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16072970
[8] D.S. Pietrala et al., Design and Control of a Pneumatic Muscle Servo Drive Applied to a 6-DoF Parallel Manipulator, Applied Sciences 14 (2024) art. 5329. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125329
[9] J. Pietraszek, A. Goroshko, The heuristic approach to the selection of experimental design, model and valid pre-processing transformation of DoE outcome, Advanced Materials Research 874 (2014) 145-149. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.874.145
[10] J. Pietraszek et al., The non-parametric approach to the quantification of the uncertainty in the design of experiments modelling, UNCECOMP 2017 – Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Uncertainty Quant. Comp. Sci. Eng. (2017) 598-604. https://doi.org/10.7712/120217.5395.17225
[11] J. Pietraszek, L. Wojnar, The bootstrap approach to the statistical significance of parameters in RSM model, ECCOMAS Congress 2016 – Proc. 7th Europ. Congr. Comput. Methods in App. Sci. Eng. 1 (2016) 2003-2009. https://doi.org/10.7712/100016.1937.9138
[12] J. Pietraszek et al., The bootstrap approach to the statistical significance of parameters in the fixed effects model, ECCOMAS Congress 2016 – Proc. 7th Europ. Congr. Comput. Methods in App. Sci. Eng. 3 (2016) 6061-6068. https://doi.org/10.7712/100016.2240.9206
[13] J. Pietraszek et al., Factorial approach to assessment of GPU computational efficiency in surrogate models, Advanced Materials Research 874 (2014) 157-162. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.874.157
[14] J. Pietraszek et al., Modeling of errors counting system for PCB soldered in the wave soldering technology, Advanced Materials Research 874 (2014) 139-143. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.874.139
[15] E. Augustyn, M.S. Kozien, Analytical solution of excited torsional vibrations of prismatic thin-walled beams, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (Poland) 53 (2015) 991-1004. https://doi.org/10.15632/jtam-pl.53.4.991
[16] T. Lipiński, J. Pietraszek, Corrosion of the S235JR Carbon Steel after Normalizing and Overheating Annealing in 2.5% Sulphuric Acid at Room Temperature, Materials Research Proceedings 24 (2022) 102-108. https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644902059-16
[17] T. Lipinski et al., Influence of oxygen content in medium carbon steel on bending fatigue strength, Engineering for Rural Develop. 21 (2022) 351-356. https://doi.org/10.22616/ERDev.2022.21.TF116
[18] A. Goroshko et al., Multiphysics Modeling of Direct-Start Induction Motor Considering Rotor Unbalance, Materials Research Proceedings 45 (2024) 267-276. https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903315-31
[19] J. Takosoglu, Angular position control system of pneumatic artificial muscles, Open Engineering 10 (2020) 681-687. https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0077
[20] P. Wos et al., The Electro-Hydraulic Lifting and Leveling System for the Bricklaying Robot, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering 24 (2021) 216-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59509-8_19
[21] V. Royzman, A. Goroshko, Multiple inverse problem, J. Vibroeng. 14 (2012) 1417-1424.
[22] A.V. Goroshko, V.P. Royzman, Statistical methods for providing the stability of the solutions of inverse problems and their application to decrease rotor vibroactivity, J. Machinery Manuf. Rel. 44 (2015) 232-238. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1052618815030073
[23] A. Goroshko et al., Construction and practical application of hybrid statistically-determined models of multistage mechanical systems, Mechanika 20 (2014) 489-493. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.20.5.8221
[24] R. Dindorf et al., Prediction of the parameters and the hot open die elongation forging process on an 80 MN hydraulic press, Open Eng. 11 (2021) 528-534. https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0056
[25] V. Ptashnyk et al., Impedance investigation of activated carbon material modified by ultrasound treatment, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny 94 (2018) 186-189. https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2018.05.33
[26] J. Pietraszek, Fuzzy regression compared to classical experimental design in the case of flywheel assembly, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7267 LNAI (2012) 310-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29347-4_36
[27] J. Pietraszek, The modified sequential-binary approach for fuzzy operations on correlated assessments, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7894 LNAI (2013) 353-364. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38658-9_32
[28] J. Pietraszek et al., The parametric RSM model with higher order terms for the meat tumbler machine process, Solid State Phenomena 235 (2015) 37-44. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.235.37
[29] A. Pacana et al., Method of precise determination of the main causes of the problems on example of the pin connecting discs in an engine gear, Transportation Research Procedia 55 (2021) 683-690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.036
[30] A. Kozień, N. Kozłowska, Harmonization and Deharmonization of Excise Duty in the European Union as Contemporary Challenges of the EU Tax Law, WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics 19 (2022) 816-824. https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2022.19.71
[31] E. Kozień, A. Kozień, Is ordoliberalism democratic? – Legal approach, System Safety: Human – Technical Facility – Environment 2 (2020) 33-38. https://doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2020-0005
[32] R. Dwornicka et al., The smoothed bootstrap fine-tuning, System Safety: Human – Technical Facility – Environment 1 (2019) 716-723. https://doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2019-0091
[33] E. Skrzypczak-Pietraszek, Phytochemistry and biotechnology approaches of the genus exacum, The Gentianaceae – Volume 2: Biotechnology and Applications (2015) 383-401. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54102-5_16
[34] J. Zwierzchowski et al., Model tests of wind turbine with a vertical axis of rotation type Lenz 2, EPJ Web of Conf. 143 (2017) art. 02150. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714302150
[35] Ł. Łacny et al., Selected overview of the impact of ground motion on the vibrations of particle accelerators, AIP Conf. Proc. 2239 (2020) art. 020025. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0008950
[36] E. Skrzypczak-Pietraszek, J. Pietraszek, Seasonal changes of flavonoid content in Melittis melissophyllum L. (Lamiaceae), Chemistry and Biodiversity 11 (2014) 562-570. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201300148
[37] J. Pietraszek, A. Gadek-Moszczak, The smooth bootstrap approach to the distribution of a shape in the ferritic stainless steel AISI 434L powders, Solid State Phenomena 197 (2013) 162-167. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.197.162