Permanent Casting Marking Methods and Optical Identification Methods
Szczepan KOSTECKI, Krzysztof BORKOWSKI, Gabriel BRACHA, Dawid S. PIETRALA, Hubert WIŚNIEWSKI Paweł A. ŁASKI
Abstract. In recent years, the manufacturing industry has undertaken several initiatives to enhance the monitoring of product life cycles by incorporating special markings directly during production. This is particularly important in today’s global market, where unambiguous identification of genuine products is essential. Such monitoring is becoming increasingly relevant, particularly in ensuring the reliable traceability of products and related services that manufacturers, retailers, and end-users can access. As a result, databases maintained by component manufacturers, which enable the storage of information about an individual product throughout its entire life cycle, now play a crucial role. In this context, the growing popularity, advantages, and ease of use of permanent product marking encourage its application in manufacturing technologies, including foundry processes, as well as in other industrial areas. Introducing a permanent imprint into the casting, without the need for laser processing or the use of non-durable self-adhesive labels, enables the unambiguous identification of each manufactured part, as highlighted in this article. The paper analyses the types and methods of producing permanent impressions in the mold, resulting in a negative imprint on the casting, as well as the techniques for reading the markings obtained in this way.
Keywords
Marked Castings, Casting Identification, Image Recognition
Published online 1/25/2026, 9 pages
Copyright © 2026 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA
Citation: Szczepan KOSTECKI, Krzysztof BORKOWSKI, Gabriel BRACHA, Dawid S. PIETRALA, Hubert WIŚNIEWSKI Paweł A. ŁASKI, Permanent Casting Marking Methods and Optical Identification Methods, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 62, pp 34-42, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644904015-5
The article was published as article 5 of the book Terotechnology XIV
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
References
[1] R. Kikuchi et al., Embedding QR codes onto B-spline surfaces for 3D printing, CAD Computer Aided Design 102 (2018) 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2018.04.025
[2] N.K. Vedel-Smith, T.A. Lenau, Casting traceability with direct part marking using reconfigurable pin-type tooling based on paraffin–graphite actuators, Journal of Manufacturing Systems 31 (2012) 113 120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2011.12.001
[3] C.E.H. Ventura et al., Towards Part Lifetime Traceability Using Machined Quick Response Codes, Procedia Technology 26 (2016) 89-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.08.013
[4] F. Chen et al., Embedded product authentication codes in additive manufactured parts: Imaging and image processing for improved scan ability, Additive Manufacturing 35 (2020) art.101319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101319
[5] S.I. Okada, E.M.S. de Souza, Digital marketing strategies in the age of search, REMark – Revista Brasileira de Marketing 10 (2011) 46-72. https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v10i1.2199
[6] L. Liao et al., Data Extraction Method for Industrial Data Matrix Codes Based on Local Adjacent Modules Structure, Applied Sciences 12 (2022) art.2291. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052291
[7] L. Karrach, E. Pivarčiová, Comparative Study of Data Matrix Codes Localization and Recognition Methods, Journal of Imaging 7 (2021) art.163. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7090163
[8] L. Song et al., Research on a traceability process of sand core information by printing QR code on sand core surface in the casting production process, International Journal of Metalcasting 15(4) (2021) 1476-1482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00572-0
[9] F. Deng et al., Comparative evaluation of marking methods on cast parts of Al–Si alloy with image processing, International Journal of Metalcasting 16(3) (2022) 1122-1139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00661-0
[10] T. Uyan et al., Sand casting implementation of two-dimensional digital code direct-part-marking using additively manufactured tags, International Journal of Metalcasting 16(3) (2022) 1140-1151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00680-x
[11] J. Batista et al., QR code micro-certified gemstones: femtosecond writing and Raman characterization in diamond, ruby and sapphire, Scientific Reports 9 (2019) art.8927. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45405-7
[12] P. Larsen, H. Wegge, Foundry production line and method of operating such foundry production line, European Patent EP 3 736 064 A1, Disa Industries A/S, 2020.
[13] J. Pietraszek et al., Challenges for the DOE methodology related to the introduction of Industry 4.0, Prod. Eng. Arch. 26 (2020) 190-194. https://doi.org/10.30657/pea.2020.26.33
[14] J. Pietraszek, Fuzzy regression compared to classical experimental design in the case of flywheel assembly, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7267 LNAI (2012) 310-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29347-4_36
[15] J. Pietraszek, E. Skrzypczak-Pietraszek, The optimization of the technological process with the fuzzy regression, Advanced Materials Research 874 (2014) 151-155. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.874.151
[16] J. Pietraszek, A. Gadek-Moszczak, The smooth bootstrap approach to the distribution of a shape in the ferritic stainless steel AISI 434L powders, Solid State Phenomena 197 (2013) 162-167. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.197.162
[17] A. Szczotok et al., A. Szczotok et al., The bootstrap analysis of one-way ANOVA stability in the case of the ceramic shell mould of airfoil blade casting, Solid State Phenomena 235 (2015) 24-30. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.235.24
[18] N. Radek, Determining the operational properties of steel beaters after electrospark deposition, Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc 44 (2009) 10-16.
[19] T. Lipinski, Modification of Al-11% Si alloy with Cl-based modifier, Manufacturing Technology 15 (2015) 581-587.
[20] R. Dindorf et al., Prediction of the parameters and the hot open die elongation forging process on an 80 MN hydraulic press, Open Engineering 11 (2021) 528-534. https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0056
[21] P. Sygut et al., Theoretical analysis of the influence of longitudinal stress changes on band dimensions during continuous rolling process, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61 (2016) 183-188. https://doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0032
[22] J. Selejdak et al., The evaluation of the use of a device for producing metal elements applied in civil engineering, METAL 2014 – 23rd Int. Conf. Metall. Mater. (2014) 1882-1888.
[23] A. Pacana et al., Influence of natural aggregate crushing process on crushing strength index, Sustainability 13 (2021) art. 8353. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158353
[24] J.E. Takosoglu, P.A. Laski, Intelligent positioning system of electro-pneumatic servo-drive, Annals of DAAAM and Proc. International DAAAM Symposium (2011) 1641-1642.
[25] P.A. Laski, Proportional valve with a piezoelectric actuator, EPJ Web of Conf. 143 (2017) art. 02064. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714302064
[26] J. Pietraszek et al., Modeling of errors counting system for PCB soldered in the wave soldering technology, Advanced Materials Research 874 (2014) 139-143. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.874.139
[27] P. Wos et al., Bricklaying robot lifting and levelling system, Communications – Scientific Letters of the University of Žilina 23 (2021) B257-B264. https://doi.org/10.26552/COM.C.2021.4.B257-B264
[28] I. Drach et al., Design Principles of Horizontal Drum Machines with Low Vibration, Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J. 15 (2021) 258-268. https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/136441
[29] S. Blasiak et al., Rapid prototyping of pneumatic directional control valves, Polymers 13 (2021) art. 1458. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091458
[30] M. Krynke, R. Ulewicz, Analysis of the influence of slewing bearing mounting on their static load capacity, Transp. Res. Proc. 40 (2019) 745-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2019.07.105
[31] A. Wronska et al., Effect of tool pin length on microstructure and mechanical strength of the FSW joints of Al 7075 metal sheets, Communications – Scientific Letters of the University of Žilina 21 (2019) 40-47.
[32] L. Adamczyk et al., Electrochemical preparation of composite coatings of 3,4- etylenodioxythiophene (EDOT) and 4-(pyrrole-1-yl) benzoic acid (PyBA) with heteropolyanions, Mater. Chem. Phys. 144 (2014) 418-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.01.012
[33] A. Dudek, C. Kolan, Assessments of shrinkage degree in bioceramic sinters HA+ZrO2, Solid State Phenomena 165 (2010) 25-30. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.165.25
[34] J. Pietraszek et al., The parametric RSM model with higher order terms for the meat tumbler machine process, Solid State Phenomena 235 (2015) 37-44. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.235.37
[35] J. Pietraszek, The modified sequential-binary approach for fuzzy operations on correlated assessments, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7894 LNAI (2013) 353-364. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38658-9_32
[36] J. Zwierzchowski et al., Model tests of wind turbine with a vertical axis of rotation type Lenz 2, EPJ Web of Conf. 143 (2017) art. 02150. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714302150
[37]J.M. Djoković et al., Selection of the Optimal Window Type and Orientation for the Two Cities in Serbia and One in Slovakia, Energies 15 (2022) art. 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010323
[38] M. Zenkiewicz et al., Electrostatic separation of binary mixtures of some biodegradable polymers and poly(vinyl chloride) or poly(ethylene terephthalate), Polimery/Polymers 61 (2016) 835-843. https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2016.835
[39] M. Ulewicz et al., Ion flotation of zinc(II) and cadmium(II) in the presence of side-armed diphosphaza-16-crown-6 ethers, Separation Science and Technology 38 (2003) 633-645. https://doi.org/10.1081/SS-120016655
[40] V. Ptashnyk et al., Impedance investigation of activated carbon material modified by ultrasound treatment, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny 94 (2018) 186-189. https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2018.05.33
[41] J. Lorkowski et al., Effects of breast and prostate cancer metastases on lumbar spine biomechanics: Rapid in silico evaluation, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1096 (2018) 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2018_192
[42] L. Wojnar et al., On the role of histomorphometric (stereological) microstructure parameters inthe prediction of vertebrae compression strength, Image Analysis and Stereology 38 (2019) 63-73. https://doi.org/10.5566/ias.2028
[43] E. Skrzypczak-Pietraszek, J. Pietraszek, Chemical profile and seasonal variation of phenolic acid content in bastard balm (Melittis melissophyllum L., Lamiaceae), Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 66 (2012) 154-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.037

