Eco-Friendly Activation of Palm Kernel Shell Carbon using Calcium Chloride from Cockle Shells
Mohamad Razlan MD RADZI, Nor Adilla RASHIDI
Abstract. The study aimed to develop a sustainable, low-cost method for removing heavy metals such as iron (Fe) from wastewater by producing activated carbon from palm kernel shells, activated with calcium chloride derived from waste cockle shells. Using a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, nine samples were synthesized by varying temperature (500-700°C), heating time (60-120 min), and calcium chloride concentration (0.25-1M). The carbon yield was affected mainly by temperature and time, with excessive values causing ash formation. The best-performing sample was tested for Pb adsorption using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Results showed that higher adsorbent dosage increased removal efficiency, while higher metal concentrations reduced it. Longer contact times initially improved adsorption but eventually reached equilibrium.
Keywords
Biomass Utilization, Heavy Metal Adsorption
Published online 1/15/2026, 8 pages
Copyright © 2026 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA
Citation: Mohamad Razlan MD RADZI, Nor Adilla RASHIDI, Eco-Friendly Activation of Palm Kernel Shell Carbon using Calcium Chloride from Cockle Shells, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 59, pp 17-24, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903957-3
The article was published as article 3 of the book Separation Technology
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
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