Organic Nanoparticle for Anti-Inflammatory Studies

$40.00

Organic Nanoparticle for Anti-Inflammatory Studies

Smritilekha Bera, Dhananjoy Mondal

Nanobiotechnology plays a pivotal role in revolutionizing drug delivery and opens up exciting new possibilities for clinical treatment. The distinctive characteristics of nanoparticles make them a promising choice for drug delivery systems, particularly in the realm of anti-inflammatory therapies. Inflammatory conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis are significantly impacted by inflammation. Utilizing nanoparticles for the efficient delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs can lead to reduced dosages and improved therapeutic outcomes. This review explores the potential of organic nanoparticles to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and the prospects of nanomedicine in treating inflammatory diseases. In different pharmaceutical domains, applications of inorganic nanoparticles have already been well-versed. However, due to their toxicity and limited bioavailability, the focus has shifted towards exploring organic nanoparticles, which offer various advantages in respect of improved biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of modification, and controlled and targeted drug release compared to inorganic nanoparticles. The inflammatory response is a critical factor in various ailments, and anti-inflammatory drugs aim to balance the immune and inflammatory responses. Recent research is focused on hybrid materials with anti-inflammatory effects, aiming for effective drug delivery. Conditions characterized by excessive production of inflammatory mediators, such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, wound healing, and sepsis, may significantly benefit from various types of nanoparticles that have demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential.

Keywords
Nanomaterials, Drugs, Characterization, Anti-Inflamatory

Published online 1/5/2026, 41 pages

Citation: Smritilekha Bera, Dhananjoy Mondal, Organic Nanoparticle for Anti-Inflammatory Studies, Materials Research Foundations, Vol. 185, pp 112-153, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903858-6

Part of the book on Nanomaterials in Biological Systems

References
[1] M.Y. Putra, T. Murniasih, Marine soft corals as source of lead compounds for anti-inflammatories. J Coast Life Med. 4 (2016), 73–77. 10.12980/jclm.4.2016j5-226
[2] L. Ferrero-Miliani, O. H. Nielsen, P. S. Andersen, and S. E. Girardin. Chronic inflammation: the importance of NOD2 and NALP3 in interleukin-1 beta generation. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 147 (2007), 227–235. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03261.x
[3] J. Burisch, P. Lakatos, M. Martinato, J. Tine, The burden of inflammatory bowel disease in Europe. J Crohns Colitis. 7(2013), 322-337. DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.01.010
[4] Y. C. Yang, M. K. McClintock, M. Kozloski, and T. Li. Social isolation and adult mortality: The role of chronic inflammation and sex differences. J. Health Soc. Behav. 54 (2013), 183-203. DOI: 10.1177/0022146513485244
[5] R. S. Cotran, V. Kumar, T. Collins, S. L. Robbins. Robbins pathologic basis of disease. Philadelphia: Saunders (1999). ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
[6] B.Y. Hanaoka, M.P. Ithurburn, C.A. Rigsbee, et al. Chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and mediators of skeletal muscle pathology and physical impairment: a review. Arthritis Care Res. 71(2019), 173–177. DOI: 10.1002/acr.23775
[7] G. R. Geovanini, P. Libby, Atherosclerosis and inflammation: Overview and updates. Clin. Sci.132 (2018), 1243–1252. 10.1042/CS20180303
[8] G. G. Biondi-Zoccai, A. Abbate, G. Liuzzo, L. M. Biasucci, Atherothrombosis, inflammation, and diabetes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41(2003), 1071–1077. DOI: 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00088-3
[9] H. Akiyama, S. Barger, S. Barnum, et al. Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging. 21(2000), 383–421. DOI: 10.1016/S0197-4580(00)00124-X
[10] R. K. Cross, K. T. Wilson. Nitric oxide in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 9 (2003), 179–189. DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200305000-00006
[11] L. M. Coussens, Z. Werb, Inflammation and cancer. Nature, 420 (2002), 860. DOI: 10.1038/nature01322
[12] M.C. Siracusa, B.S. Kim, J.M. Spergel, D. Artis. Basophils and allergic inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 132(2013), 789–801. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.07.046
[13] P.H. Leliefeld, C.M. Wessels, L.P. Leenen, L. Koenderman, J. Pillay. The role of neutrophils in immune dysfunction during severe inflammation. Critical Care; 20 (2016):73. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1250-4
[14] Geering B., Stoeckle C., Conus S., Simon H.-U. Living and dying for inflammation: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. Trends Immunol. 34(2013), 398–409. DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.03.004
[15] M. Rai, S. Deshmukh, A. Ingle, A. Gade, Silver nanoparticles: the powerful nano weapon against multidrug-resistant bacteria. J. Appl. Microbiol. 112(2012), 841–852. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05253.x
[16] W. H. Gerwick, B. S. Moore, Lessons from the past and charting the future of marine natural products drug discovery and chemical biology. ChemBiol. 19(2012), 85–98. DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.12.014
[17] N Shady, M. Fouad, K. M. Salah, Schirmeister T, Abdelmohsen U. Natural Product Repertoire of the Genus Amphimedon. Mar. Drugs, 17(2019), 19. DOI: 10.3390/md17010019
[18] F.S. Alves, J.N. Cruz, I.N. de Farias Ramos, D.L. do Nascimento Brandão, R.N. Queiroz, G.V. da Silva, G.V. da Silva, M.F. Dolabela, M.L. da Costa, A.S. Khayat, J. de Arimatéia Rodrigues do Rego, D. do Socorro Barros Brasil, Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity Effects of Extracts of Piper nigrum L. and Piperine, Separations. 10 (2023). DOI: 10.3390/separations10010021
[19] I.G. Rodrigues, M.G. Miguel, W. Mnif, A brief review on new naturally occurring cembranoid diterpene derivatives from the soft corals of the genera Sarcophyton, Sinularia, and Lobophytum since 2016. Molecules, 24(2019), 781. DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040781
[20] Q. Zhang, L.-F. Liang, Z.-H. Miao, B. Wu, Y.-W. Guo, Cytotoxic polyhydroxylated steroids from the South China Sea soft coral Lobophytum sp. Steroids, 141(2019), 76–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.11.015
[21] K.-K. Gong, X.-L. Tang, G. Zhang, et al. Polyhydroxylated steroids from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton sp. and their cytotoxic and antiviral activities. Mar. Drugs, 11(2013),4788–4798. DOI: 10.3390/md11124788
[22] I. Guibert, I. Bonnard, X. Pochon, et al. Differential effects of coral giant clam assemblages on biofouling formation. Sci Rep. 9 (2019), 2675. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39268-1
[23] M Oray, A. K. Samra, N. Ebrahimiadib, H. Meese, C.S. Foster, Long term side effects of glucocorticoids. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 15 (2016), 457–465. DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2016.1140743
[24] C. Sostres, C.J. Gargallo, M.T. Arroyo, A. Lanas, Adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, aspirin and coxibs) on upper gastrointestinal tract. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 24 (2010), 121–132. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2010.03.002
[25] M.H. Sarfraz, M. Zubair, B. Aslam, A. Ashraf, M.H. Siddique, S. Hayat, J.N. Cruz, S. Muzammil, M. Khurshid, M.F. Sarfraz, A. Hashem, T.M. Dawoud, G.D. Avila-Quezada, E.F. Abd_Allah, Comparative analysis of phyto-fabricated chitosan, copper oxide, and chitosan-based CuO nanoparticles: antibacterial potential against Acinetobacter baumannii isolates and anticancer activity against HepG2 cell lines, Front. Microbiol. 14 (2023). DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1188743.
[26] J.N. Cruz, S. Muzammil, A. Ashraf, M.U. Ijaz, M.H. Siddique, R. Abbas, M. Sadia, Saba, S. Hayat, R.R. Lima, A review on mycogenic metallic nanoparticles and their potential role as antioxidant, antibiofilm and quorum quenching agents, Heliyon. 10 (2024). DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29500
[27] W. K. Leutwyler, S. L. Bürgi, H. Burgl, Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots, Science 271(1996), 933-7. DOI:10.1126/science.271.5251.933
[28] S. Gelperina, K. Kisich, M.D. Iseman, L. Heifets, The potential advantages of nanoparticle drug delivery systems in chemotherapy of tuberculosis, Am J Respir Crit Care 172(2005),1487-1490. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200504-613PP
[29] Y. Cui, Q. Wei, H. Park, C.M. Lieber, Nanowire Nanosensors for Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Biological and Chemical Species, Science 293 (2001), 1289-92. DOI: 10.1126/science.1062711
[30] B. Fubini, Surface reactivity in the pathogenic response to particulates. Environ Health Perspect. 105(1997),1013-20. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.97105s51013
[31] X. Li, L. Wang, Y. Fan, Q. Feng, F. Cui, Biocompatibility and toxicity of nanoparticles and nanotubes, J. Nanomat. 2012(2012), 548389. DOI: 10.1155/2012/548389
[32] S. Bera, D. Mondal, Antibacterial Efficacies of Nanostructured Aminoglycosides. ACS Omega 7 (2022), 4724–4734. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c04399
[33] G.A. Silva, Nanotechnology approaches to crossing the blood-brain barrier and drug delivery to the CNS. BMC Neurosci. 9(2008), S4. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-S3-S4
[34] P. Lutwyche, C. Cordeiro, D.J. Wiseman, M. St-Louis, M. Uh, M.J. Hope, M.S. Webb, B.B. Finlay, Intracellular delivery and antibacterial activity of gentamicin encapsulated in pH-sensitive liposomes, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42(1998), 2511. doi: 10.1128/AAC.42.10.2511
[35] S. Mitragotri, S. Patrick, Organic nanoparticles for drug delivery and imaging. MRS Bulletin 39(2014), 219–223. doi: 10.1557/mrs.2014.11
[36] O. Farokhzad, J. Cheng, B. Teply, I. Sherifi, S. Jon, P. Kantoff, J. Richie, R. Langer, Targeted nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates for cancer chemotherapy in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2006), 6315. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0601755103
[37] J. B. Lin, S. Poh, and A. Panitch, Controlled release of anti-inflammatory peptides from reducible thermosensitive nanoparticles suppresses cartilage inflammation. Nanomedicine 12(2016), 2095–2100. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.05.010
[38] M. C. Chang, Y. J. Kuo, K. H. Hung, C.-L. Peng, K.-Y. Chen, and L.-K. Yeh, Liposomal dexamethasone-moxifloxacin nanoparticle combinations with collagen/gelatin/alginate hydrogel for corneal infection treatment and wound healing. Biomed. Mater. 15 (2020), 055022. doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/ab9510
[39] S Browne, and A. Pandit, Biomaterial-mediated modification of the local inflammatory environment. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 3(2015), 67. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00067
[40] Y. Z. Zhang, and Y. Y. Li, Inflammatory bowel disease: pathogenesis. World J. Gastroenterol. 20(2014), 91–99. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.91
[41] A. Lamprecht, N. Ubrich, H. Yamamoto, U. Schäfer, H. Takeuchi, P. Maincent, et al. Biodegradable nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 299 (2001), 775–781. PMID: 11602694.
[42] Y. Meissner, Y. Pellequer, A. Lamprecht, Nanoparticles in inflammatory bowel disease: particle targeting versus pH-sensitive delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 316(2006), 138-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.01.032
[43] A. Lamprecht, U. Scha¨fer, C.M. Lehr, Size-dependent bioadhesion of micro- and nanoparticulate carriers to the inflamed colonic mucosa. Pharm Res 18(2001),788–93. DOI: 10.1023/A:1011032328064
[44] Y. Shi, F. Xie, P. Rao, H. Qian, R. Chen, H. Chen, et al. TRAIL expressing cell membrane nanovesicles as an anti-inflammatory platform for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. J. Control Release 320(2020b), 304–313. DOI 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.054
[45] Y. Zhou, W. Xu, and A. Shao, Application prospect of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 48(2020), e634. DOI 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004341
[46] Y. Wang, J.H. Zhang, J. Sheng and A. Shao, Immunoreactive Cells After Cerebral Ischemia. Front. Immunol. 10(2019), 2781. DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02781
[47] I. Bala, S. Hariharan, and M. N. Kumar, PLGA nanoparticles in drug delivery: the state of the art. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 21(2004), 387–422. DOI 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.v21.i5.20
[48] M. Mir, N. Ahmed, and A. U. Rehman, Recent applications of PLGA based nanostructures in drug delivery. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 159(2017), 217–231. DOI 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.038
[49] P. T. Thevenot, A. M. Nair, J. Shen, P. Lotfi, C.-Y. Ko, and L. Tang, The effect of incorporation of SDF-1alpha into PLGA scaffolds on stem cell recruitment and the inflammatory response. Biomaterials 31(2010), 3997–4008. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.144.
[50] G. Fredman, N. Kamaly, S. Spolitu, J. Milton, D. Ghorpade, R. Chiasson, et al. Targeted nanoparticles containing the proresolving peptideAc2-26 protect against advanced atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Sci. Transl. Med. 7(2015), 275ra20. DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa1065
[51] W. Gu, C. Wu, J. Chen, and Y. Xiao, Nanotechnology in the targeted drug delivery for bone diseases and bone regeneration. Int. J. Nanomed. 8(2013), 2305–2317. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S44393
[52] K. Feng, H. Sun, M. A. Bradley, E. J. Dupler, W. V. Giannobile, and P. X. Ma, Novel antibacterial nanofibrous PLLA scaffolds. J. Control Release 146(2010), 363–369. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.05.035
[53] K. T. Peng, C. F. Chen, I. M. Chu, Y.-M. Li, W.-H. Hsu, R. W.-W. Hsu, et al. Treatment of osteomyelitis with teicoplanin-encapsulated biodegradable thermosensitive hydrogel nanoparticles. Biomaterials 31(2010), 5227–5236. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.027
[54] R. M. Trujillo-Nolasco, E. Morales-Avila, B. E. Ocampo-Garcia, G. Ferro-Flores, B. V. Gibbens-Bandala, A. Escudero-Castellanos, et al. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of radio-labeled HA-PLGA nanoparticles as novel MTX delivery system for local treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 103(2019), 109766. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109766
[55] T. Yazeji, B. Moulari, A. Beduneau, V. Stein, D. Dietrich, Y. Pellequer, et al. Nanoparticle-based delivery enhances anti-inflammatory effect of low molecular weight heparin in experimental ulcerative colitis. Drug Deliv. 24(2017), 811–817. DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1324530
[56] K. Tahara, S. Samura, K. Tsuji, H. Yamamoto, Y. Tsukada, Y. Bando et al. Oral nuclear factor-kappaB decoy oligonucleotides delivery system with chitosan modified poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanospheres for inflammatory bowel disease. Biomaterials 32(2011), 870–878. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.09.034
[57] X. Zhang, C. Yu, Xushi, C. Zhang, T. Tang, K. Dai, Direct chitosan-mediated gene delivery to the rabbit knee joints in vitro and in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 341(2006), 202–208. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.171
[58] D.-W. Lee, S. A. Shirley, R. F. Lockey, S. S. Mohapatra, Thiolated chitosan nanoparticles enhance anti-inflammatory effects of intranasally delivered theophylline. Respiratory Research 7, Article number: 112 (2006). DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-112
[59] J. Zhang, C. Tang, and C. Yin, Galactosylated trimethyl chitosan-cysteine nanoparticles loaded with Map4k4 siRNA for targeting activated macrophages. Biomaterials 34 (2013), 3667–3677. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.079
[60] J. M. Soni, M. N. Sardoiwala, S. Roy Choudhury, S. S. Sharma, S. Karmakar. Melatonin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles endows nitric oxide synthase 2 mediated anti-inflammatory activity in inflammatory bowel disease model. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 124 (2021), 112038. 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112038
[61] D. K. Podolsky, Inflammatory bowel disease. New Engl J Med, 347 (2002), 417–29. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020831
[62] D. Pertuit, B. Moulari, T. Betz, et al. 5-amino salicylic acid bound nanoparticles for the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. J. Control Rel. 123 (2007), 211–18. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.08.008
[63] P. Tang, Q. Sun, L. Zhao, H. Pu, H. Yang, S. Zhang, R. Gan, N. Gan, H. Li. Mesalazine/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/chitosan nanoparticles with sustained release and enhanced anti-inflammation activity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 198 (2018), 418-425. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.106
[64] A. I. Barbosa, S. A. C. Lima, S. Reis. Development of methotrexate loaded fucoidan/chitosan nanoparticles with anti-inflammatory potential and enhanced skin permeation. Int. J. Biolog. Macromol. 124(2019), 1115-1122. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.014
[65] A. A. Öztürk, H. T. Kıyan. Treatment of oxidative stress-induced pain and inflammation with dexketoprofen trometamol loaded different molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles: Formulation, characterization and anti-inflammatory activity by using in vivo HET-CAM assay. Microvasc. Res. 128 (2020), 103961. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2019.103961
[66] Y. Haitao, C. Yifan, S. Mingchao and H. Shuaijuan, A Novel Polymeric Nanohybrid Antimicrobial Engineered by Antimicrobial Peptide MccJ25 and Chitosan Nanoparticles Exerts Strong Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Front. Immunol. 12, (2022) 811381. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.811381
[67] A. S. Hirva, P. P. Rakesh. Statistical modeling of zaltoprofen loaded biopolymeric nanoparticles: Characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of nanoparticles loaded gel. Int. J. Pharma. Investig. 5(2015), 120-27. doi:10.4103/2230-973X.147229
[68] K. Haliza, H. Zahid, C. L. Tay. Chitosan Nanoparticles as a percutaneous drug delivery system for hydrocortisone. J. Nanomater. 1 (2012), 1-11. doi:10.1155/2012/372725
[69] D. A. Mehmet, U. Nagihan, Y. Fatma, et al. Ketorolac tromethamine loaded chitosan nanoparticles as a nanotherapeutic system for ocular diseases. J. Biol. Chem. 41(2013), 81-86. https://hjbc.hacettepe.edu.tr/journal/volume-41/issue-1
[70] P. P. Shah, P. R. Desai, A. R. Patel, et al. Skin permeating nanogel for the cutaneous co-delivery of two anti-inflammatory drugs. Biomaterials 33(2012), 1607-17. N. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.011
[71] Kamaly, G. Fredman, M. Subramanian, S. Gadde, A. Pesic, and L. Cheung, Development and in vivo efficacy of targeted polymeric inflammation resolving nanoparticles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110(2013), 6506–6511. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303377110
[72] S. Gadde, O. Even-Or, N. Kamaly, A. Hasija, P. G. Gagnon, K. H. Adusumilli, et al. Development of therapeutic polymeric nanoparticles for the resolution of inflammation. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 3(2014), 1448–1456. doi:10.1002/adhm.201300688
[73] E.J. Jeong, M. Choi, J. Lee, et al. The spacer arm length in cell-penetrating peptides influences chitosan/siRNA nanoparticle delivery for pulmonary inflammation treatment. Nanoscale, 7(2015), 20095-104, doi:10.1039/C5NR06903C
[74] M. Kumar, X. Kong, A.K. Behera, et al. Chitosan IFN-γ-pDNA Nanoparticle (CIN) Therapy for Allergic Asthma. Genet Vaccines Ther. 1(2003), 1-10. doi:10.1186/1479-0556-1-3
[75] H.-D. Lu, H.-Q. Zhao, K. Wang, et al. Novel hyaluronic acid–chitosan nanoparticles as non-viral gene delivery vector targeting osteoarthritis. Int. J. Pharm. 420 (2011), 358– 65. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.08.046
[76] H. k.Lu, Y. Dai, L. Lulu, et al. Chitosan-Graft-Polyethylenimine/DNA Nanoparticles as Novel Non-Viral Gene Delivery Vectors Targeting Osteoarthritis. PLoS One 9(2014), 1-12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084703
[77] V. Martin, I. A.C. Ribeiro, M. M. Alves, L. Gonçalves, A. J. Almeida, L. Grenho, M. H. Fernandes, C. F. Santos, P. S. Gomes, A. F. Bettencourt. Understanding intracellular trafficking and anti-inflammatory effects of minocycline chitosan-nanoparticles in human gingival fibroblasts for periodontal disease treatment. Int. J. Pharm. 572(2019), 118821. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118821
[78] Y. Ding, Y. Qiao, M. Wang, et al. Enhanced Neuroprotection of Acetyl-11-Keto-β-Boswellic Acid (AKBA)-Loaded O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles Through Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways. Mol. Neurobiol. 53(2016), 3842–3853. doi:10.1007/s12035-015-9333-9
[79] A. R. Clementino, C. Marchi, M. Pozzoli, F. Bernini, F. Zimetti, F. Sonvico1, Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Statin-Loaded Biodegradable Lecithin/Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Step Toward Nose-to-Brain Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Front. Pharmacol. 24 (2021), 1-12. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.716380
[80] B. Xiao, P. Ma, E. Viennois, D. Merlin, Urocanic acid-modified chitosan nanoparticles can confer anti-inflammatory effect by delivering CD98 siRNA to macrophages. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 143 (2016), 186-193, doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.03.035
[81] K. A. Howard, S. R. Paludan, M.A. Behlke, F. Besenbacher, B. Deleuran, J. Kjems, Chitosan/siRNA Nanoparticle–mediated TNF-α Knockdown in Peritoneal Macrophages for Anti-inflammatory Treatment in a Murine Arthritis Model. Mol Ther. 17(2009), 162-8. doi: 10.1038/mt.2008.220
[82] H. M. Asif, F. Zafar, K. Ahmad, A. Iqbal, G. Shaheen, K. A. Ansari, S. Rana, R. Zahid, S. Ghaffar, Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory potential of curcumin loaded chitosan nanoparticles, Scientific Reports, 13, Article number: 10274 (2023) doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37152-7
[83] K. M. Alshehri, E. M. Abdella, Development of ternary nanoformulation comprising bee pollen-thymol oil extracts and chitosan nanoparticles for anti-inflammatory and anticancer applications, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 242 (2023), 124584. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124584
[84] A. J. Friedman, J. Phan, D. O. Schairer, J. Champer, M. Qin, A. Pirouz, K. Blecher-Paz, A. Oren, P. T. Liu, R. L. Modlin, J. Kim. Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Chitosan–Alginate Nanoparticles: A Targeted Therapy for Cutaneous Pathogens. J. Invest. Dermatol. 133 (2013), 1231-1239, doi:10.1038/jid.2012.399
[85] M. Bernela, M. Ahuja, R. Thakur. Enhancement of anti-inflammatory activity of glycyrrhizic acid by encapsulation in chitosan-katira gum nanoparticles. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 105 (2016), 141-147. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.06.003
[86] J. Tu, Y. Xu, J. Xu, Y. Ling, Y. Cai. Chitosan nanoparticles reduce LPS-induced inflammatory reaction via inhibition of NF-κB pathway in Caco-2 cells. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 86(2016), 848-856. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.015
[87] S. Muzammil, J. Neves Cruz, R. Mumtaz, I. Rasul, S. Hayat, M.A. Khan, A.M. Khan, M.U. Ijaz, R.R. Lima, M. Zubair, Effects of Drying Temperature and Solvents on In Vitro Diabetic Wound Healing Potential of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts, Molecules. 28 (2023). doi:10.3390/molecules28020710
[88] N. Jabbari, Z. Eftekhari, N. H. Roodbari, K. Parivar. Evaluation of Encapsulated Eugenol by Chitosan Nanoparticles on the aggressive model of rheumatoid arthritis, Int. Immunopharmacol. 85(2020), 106554, doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106554
[89] A. M. Abd El-Hameed. Polydatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles ameliorates early diabetic nephropathy by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 19(2020), 1599–1607. doi:10.1007/s40200-020-00699-7
[90] C. Théry, M. Boussac, P. Véron, P. Ricciardi-Castagnoli, G. Raposo, J. Garin, S. Amigorena, Proteomic analysis of dendritic cell-derived exosomes: a secreted subcellular compartment distinct from apoptotic vesicles. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950), 166(2002), 7309-7318. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7309
[91] J. Wang, G. Chen, H. Jiang, Z. Li, and X.Wang, Advances in nano-scaled biosensors for biomedical applications. The Analyst, 138 (2013), 4427-4435. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AN00438D
[92] E. I. Buzas, B. Gyorgy, G. Nagy, A. Falus, S. Gay, Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in inflammatory diseases. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 10 (2014), 356-364. DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.19
[93] I.N. de F. Ramos, M.F. da Silva, J.M.S. Lopes, J.N. Cruz, F.S. Alves, J. de A.R. do Rego, M.L. da Costa, P.P. de Assumpção, D. do S. Barros Brasil, A.S. Khayat, Extraction, Characterization, and Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Activity of Piperine in Its Isolated form and in Combination with Chemotherapeutics against Gastric Cancer, Molecules. 28 (2023). DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145587
[94] H.B. Koh, H.J. Kim, S.W. Kang, T.H. Yoo. Exosome-Based Drug Delivery: Translation from Bench to Clinic. Pharmaceutics,15(2023):2042. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082042.
[95] X. Zhuang, X. Xiang, W. Grizzle, L. Steinman, D. Miller, H.-G. Zhang, et al. Treatment of Brain Inflammatory Diseases by Delivering Exosome Encapsulated Anti-inflammatory Drugs from the Nasal Region to the Brain. Mol. Ther. 19 (2011), P1769-1779. DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.164
[96] C. Liu, X. Yan, Y. Zhang, et al. Oral administration of turmeric-derived exosome-like nanovesicles with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving bioactions for murine colitis therapy. J. Nanobiotechnol 20(2022), 206. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01421-w
[97] Q. Lin, M. Qu, B. Zhou, H. K. Patra, Z, Sun, Q, Luo, W, Yang, Y, Wu, Y, Zhang, L, Li, L, Deng, L, Wang, T, Gong, Q, He, L, Zhang, X, Sun, Z, Zhang. Exosome-like nanoplatform modified with targeting ligand improves anti-cancer and anti-inflammation effects of imperialine. J. Control. Release 311–312 (2019), 104-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.08.037
[98] Z. B. Deng, Y. Liu, C. Liu, X. Xiang, J. Wang, Z. Cheng, et al. Immature myeloid cells induced by a high-fat diet contribute to liver inflammation. Hepatology 50(2009), 1412–1420. DOI: 10.1002/hep.23148
[99] D. Sun, X. Zhuang, X. Xiang, Y. Liu, S. Zhang, C. Liu, et al. A novel nanoparticle drug delivery system: the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin is enhanced when encapsulated in exosomes. Mol. Ther. 18(2010), 1606–1614. DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.105
[100] C. Yang, and D. Merlin, Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems for the treatment of IBD: current perspectives. Int. J. Nanomed. 14(2019), 8875–8889. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S210315
[101] Z. Cai, W. Zhang, F. Yang, L. Yu, Z. Yu, J. Pan, et al. Immunosuppressive exosomes from TGF-b1 gene-modified dendritic cells attenuate Th17-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease by inducing regulatory T cells. Cell Res. 22(2012), 607–610. DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.196
[102] Y. Wang, J. Tian, X. Tang, K. Rui, X. Tian, J. Ma, et al. Exosomes released by granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells attenuate DSS induced colitis in mice. Oncotarget 7 (2016), 15356–15368. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7324
[103] G. Wu, J. Zhang, Q. Zhao, W. Zhuang, J. Ding, C. Zhang, et al. Molecularly engineered macrophage-derived exosomes with inflammation tropism and intrinsic heme biosynthesis for atherosclerosis treatment. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 59 (2020), 4068–4074. DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913700
[104] F. Yan, Z. Zhong, Y. Wang, Y. Feng, Z. Mei, H. Li, et al. Exosome-based biomimetic nanoparticles targeted to inflamed joints for enhanced treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J. Nanobiotechnol. 18 (2020), 115. DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00675-6
[105] K. Asadullah, W. Sterry, and H. D. Volk, Interleukin-10 therapy–review of a new approach. Pharmacol. Rev. 55 (2003), 241–269. DOI: 10.1124/pr.55.2.4
[106] H. S. Chiong, Y. K. Yong, Z. Ahmad, M. R. Sulaiman, Z. A. Zakaria, K. H. Yuen, et al. Cytoprotective and enhanced anti-inflammatory activities of liposomal piroxicam formulation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7macrophages. Int. J. Nanomed. 8 (2013), 1245–1255. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S42801
[107] R. Duivenvoorden, J. Tang, D. P. Cormode, A. J. Mieszawska, D. Izquierdo-Garcia, C. Ozcan, M. J. Otten, N. Zaidi, M. E. Lobatto, S. M. van Rijs, et al. A Statin-Loaded Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein Nanoparticle Inhibits Atherosclerotic Plaque Inflammation. Nat. Commun. 5(2014), 3065. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4065
[108] M. E. Lobatto, Z. A. Fayad, S. Silvera, E. Vucic, C. Calcagno, V. Mani, S. D. Dickson, K. Nicolay,; M. Banciu, R. M. Schiffelers et al. Multimodal Clinical Imaging to Longitudinally Assess a Nanomedical Anti-Inflammatory Treatment in Experimental Atherosclerosis. Mol. Pharm. 7(2010), 2020–2029. DOI: 10.1021/mp100309y
[109] F. M. van der Valk, D. F. van Wijk, M. E. Lobatto, H. J. Verberne, G. Storm, M. C.M. Willems, D. A. Legemate, A. J. Nederveen, C. Calcagno, V. Mani, S. Ramachandran, et. al. Prednisolone-Containing Liposomes Accumulate in Human Atherosclerotic Macrophages upon Intravenous Administration. Nanomedicine 11(2015), 1039–1046. DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.02.021
[110] K. Takeda, B. E. Clausen, T. Kaisho, T. Tsujimura, N. Terada, I. Förster, S. Akira. Enhanced Th1 activity and development of chronic enterocolitis in mice devoid of Stat3 in macrophages and neutrophils. Immunity 10(1999), 39–49. DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80005-9
[111] R. Toita, T. Kawano, M. Murata, J. H. Kang, Anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of macrophage-targeted interleukin-10-conjugated liposomes in obese mice. Biomaterials 110(2016), 81–88. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.018
[112] S. Nagata, R. Hanayama, and K. Kawane, Autoimmunity and the clearance of dead cells. Cell 140(2010), 619–630. 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.014
[113] Y. Wu, M. Sun, D. Wang, G. Li, J. Huang, S. Tan, et al. A PepT1mediated medicinal nano-system for targeted delivery of cyclosporine A to alleviate acute severe ulcerative colitis. Biomater. Sci. 7(2019a), 4299–4309. DOI: 10.1039/C9BM00925F
[114] Y. Wu, Y. Zhang, L. Dai, Q. Q. Wang, L. J. Xue, Z. Su, et al. An apoptotic body-biomimic liposome in situ upregulates anti-inflammatory macrophages for stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. J. Control. Release 316(2019b), 236–249. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.043
[115] X. Xu, Y. Li, L. Wang, Y. Li, J. Pan, X. Fu, et al. Triple functional polyether ether ketone surface with enhanced bacteriostasis and anti-inflammatory and osseo integrative properties for implant application. Biomaterials 212 (2019), 98–114.DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.05.014
[116] V. Bagalkot, J. A. Deiuliis, S. Rajagopalan, and A. Maiseyeu, “Eat me” imaging and therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 99(2016), 2–11. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.009
[117] Oh, J.; Drumright, R. J.; Siegwart, D.; Matyjaszewski, K. The development of microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2008, 33, 448– 477, doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.01.002
[118] M. Kaur, K. Sudhakar, V. Mishra. Fabrication and biomedical potential of nanogels: An overview. Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater. 2018, 287-296. DOI:10.1080/00914037.2018.1445629
[119] W. Wang, L. Sun, P. Zhang, J. Song, W. Liu, An anti-inflammatory cell-free collagen/resveratrol scaffold for repairing osteochondral defects in rabbits. Acta Biomater. 10(2014), 4983–4995. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.08.022
[120] J. Ratanavaraporn, H. Furuya, Y. Tabata, Local suppression of proinflammatory cytokines and the effects in BMP-2-induced bone regeneration. Biomaterials 33 (2012), 304–316. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.050
[121] R. M. Gower, R. M. Boehler, S. M. Azarin, C. F. Ricci, J. N. Leonard, L. D. Shea, Modulation of leukocyte infiltration and phenotype in microporous tissue engineering scaffolds via vector induced IL-10 expression. Biomaterials 35(2014), 2024–2031. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.036
[122] K. Nakamura, S. Yokohama, M. Yoneda, S. Okamoto, Y. Tamaki, T. Ito, et al. High, but not low, molecular weight hyaluronan prevents T-cell-mediated liver injury by reducing proinflammatory cytokines in mice. J. Gastroenterol. 39(2004), 346–354. DOI: 10.1007/s00535-003-1301-x
[123] A. N. Kuskov, P. P. Kulikov, A. V. Goryachaya, M. N. Tzatzarakis, A. O. Docea, K. Velonia, et al. Amphiphilic poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone nanoparticles as carriers for non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs: in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo acute toxicity study. Nanomedicine 13(2017), 1021–1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14050925
[124] Y. Wang, A thrombin-triggered self-regulating anticoagulant strategy combined with anti-inflammatory capacity for blood-contacting implants. Sci. Adv. 8(2022), eabm3378. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm3378
[125] N. Aminu, S.-Y. Chan, M.-F. Yam, S.-M. Toh. A dual-action chitosan-based nanogel system of triclosan and flurbiprofen for localised treatment of periodontitis. Int. J. Pharm. 570 (2019), 118659. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118659
[126] A. Goel, F. J. Ahmad, R. M. Singh, G. N. Singh Anti-inflammatory activity of nanogel formulation of 3-acetyl11-keto-β-boswellic acid, Pharmacologyonline 3(2009), 311-318. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59496153
[127] G. S. L Singka, N. A. Samah, M. H. Zulfakar, A. Yurdasiper, C. M. Heard. Enhanced topical delivery and anti-inflammatory activity of methotrexate from an activated nanogel. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 76 (2010), 275-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.06.014
[128] Y.-F. Chen, G.-Y. Chen, C.-H. Chang, Y.-C. Su, Y.-C. Chen, Y. Jiang, J.-S. Jan. TRAIL encapsulated to polypeptide-crosslinked nanogel exhibits increased anti-inflammatory activities in Klebsiella pneumoniae-induced sepsis treatment. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 102 (2019), 85-95. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.023
[129] T. Li, J. Yang, C. Weng, P. Liu, Y. Huang, S. Meng, R. Li, L. Yang, C. Chen, X. Gong. Intra-articular injection of anti-inflammatory peptide-loaded glycol chitosan/fucoidan nanogels to inhibit inflammation and attenuate osteoarthritis progression. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 170 (2021), 469-478. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.158
[130] C. Valentino, B. Vigani, I. Fedeli, D. Miele, G. Marrubini, L. Malavasi, F. Ferrari, G. Sandri, S. Rossi. Development of alginate-spermidine micro/nanogels as potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory tool in peripheral nerve injuries. Formulation studies and physico-chemical characterization. Int. J. Pharm. 626 (2022), 122168. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122168
[131] S. Obuobi, K. Julin, E.G.A. Fredheim, Mona Johannessen, N.Škalko-Basnet. Liposomal delivery of antibiotic loaded nucleic acid nanogels with enhanced drug loading and synergistic anti-inflammatory activity against S. aureus intracellular infections. Journal of Controlled Release 324 (2020), 620-632. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.002
[132] J. Yeo, J. Lee, S. Yoon and W. J. Kim, Tannic acid-based nanogel as an efficient anti-inflammatory agent. Biomater Sci 30(2013), 257–268. DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01384a
[133] P. P. Shah, P. R. Desai, A. R. Patel, M. S. Singh. Skin permeating nanogel for the cutaneous co-delivery of two anti-inflammatory drugs. Biomaterials 33 (2012), 1607-1617. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.011
[134] S. M. Gutowski, J. T. Shoemaker, K. L. Templeman, Y. Wei, R. A. Latour, R. V. Bellamkonda, et al. Protease-degradable PEG-maleimide coating with on-demand release of IL-1Ra to improve tissue response to neural electrodes. Biomaterials 44(2015), 55–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.12.009
[135] M. Giulbudagian, G. Yealland, S. Hönzke, A. Edlich, B. Geisendörfer, B. Kleuser, S. Hedtrich, and M. Calderón. Breaking the Barrier – Potent Anti-Inflammatory Activity following Efficient Topical Delivery of Etanercept using Thermoresponsive Nanogels. Theranostics 8(2018), 450–463. DOI: 10.7150/thno.21668
[136] F. Esmaeili, M. Zahmatkeshan, Y. Yousefpoor, H. Alipanah, E. Safari, M. Osanloo. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Cinnamon and Clove essential oils nanogels: an in vivo study. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 22, 143 (2022). DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03619-9
[137] P.-H. Lin, H.-J. Jian, Y.-J. Li, Y.-F. Huang, A. Anand, C.-C. Huang, H.-J. Lin, J.-Y. Lai. Alleviation of dry eye syndrome with one dose of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mucoadhesive lysine-carbonized nanogels, Acta Biomaterialia, 141 (2022), 140-150. Doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.044.
[138] R. Gul, N. Ahmed, N. Ullah, M. I. Khan, A. Elaissari, and U. A. Rehman, Biodegradable ingredient-based emulgel loaded with ketoprofen nanoparticles. AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech. 19(2018), 1869–1881. DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0997-0
[139] R. E. Whitmire, D. S. Wilson, A. Singh, M.E. Levenston, N. Murthy, A. J. García, Self-assembling nanoparticles for intra-articular delivery of anti-inflammatory proteins. Biomaterials 33(2012),7665–7675. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.101
[140] M. J. Webber, J. B. Matson, V. K. Tamboli, and S. I. Stupp, Controlled release of dexamethasone from peptide nanofiber gels to modulate inflammatory response. Biomaterials 33(2012), 6823–6832. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.003
[141] F. Leuschner, P. Dutta, R. Gorbatov, T. I. Novobrantseva, J. S. Donahoe, G. Courties, et al. Therapeutic siRNA silencing in inflammatory monocytes in mice. Nat. Biotechnol. 29(2011), 1005–1010. DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1989
[142] S. Park, S. Kang, X. Chen, E. J. Kim, J. Kim, N. Kim, et al. Tumor suppression via paclitaxel-loaded drug carriers that target inflammation marker upregulated in tumor vasculature and macrophages. Biomaterials 34(2013), 598–605. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.004
[143] H. Agarwal, A. Nakara, V. K. Shanmugam, Anti-inflammatory mechanism of various metal and metal oxide nanoparticles synthesized using plant extracts: A review, Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 109 (2019), 2561-2572, DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.116
[144] S. Belperain, Z.Y. Kang, A. Dunphy, B. Priebe, NHL Chiu, Z. Jia, Anti-Inflammatory Effect and Cellular Uptake Mechanism of Carbon Nanodots in Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Nanomaterials (Basel). 11(2021), 1247. DOI: 10.3390/nano11051247
[145] M. Summer, R. Ashraf, S. Ali, H. Bach, S. Noor, Q. Noor, S. Riaz, R. R. M. Khan, Inflammatory response of nanoparticles: Mechanisms, consequences, and strategies for mitigation. Chemosphere, 363(2024), 142826, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142826.