Superalloys for Space Application
Soheila Asadzadeh-Khaneghah, Aziz Babapoor, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
During the last decades, there has been remarkable advancement in the use of high temperature applications in the aerospace industry. The requirement for materials that can withstand harsh conditions during their usage has attracted considerable consideration in multiple applications. For instance, the temperature of gas in parts of the aircraft engine may increase to 1090 °C. Hence, different procedures have been represented to impressively reduction the metallic components temperature. For this purpose, superalloys introduced as group of high-temperature advanced alloys, which are in high demand due to their high durability and strength. Superalloys have helped us in the world conquering from the depths of the ocean and the earth to space. These superalloys are often utilized in equipment with high-temperature such as a jet engine, aircraft engine and gas turbines engines. Superalloys were introduced as heat-resisting alloys, which are resistant to surface destruction at temperatures higher than 650 degrees Celsius, and also have of great mechanical strength. Thus, in this chapter, we presented detailed descriptions about the types of applications of superalloys in the space industry. The results of various prominent reports show that the demand for superalloys is currently increasing due to them much ability and strength at high temperatures and creep withstand in aircraft and aerospace applications.
Keywords
Superalloy, Aerospace Industry, High Temperature Alloys, Jet Engines, Aircraft, Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines
Published online 9/10/2025, 25 pages
Citation: Soheila Asadzadeh-Khaneghah, Aziz Babapoor, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Superalloys for Space Application, Materials Research Foundations, Vol. 178, pp 291-315, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903698-15
Part of the book on Superalloys
References
[1] R.C. Reed, The Superalloys: Fundamentals and Applications, Cambridge university press, New York, 2008.
[2] H.A. Kishawy, A. Hosseini, Machining difficult-to-cut materials, Mater. Form. Mach. Tribol. 10 (2019) 973−978. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95966-5
[3] R. Binali, A.D. Patange, M. Kuntoğlu, T. Mikolajczyk, E. Salur, Energy saving by parametric optimization and advanced lubri-cooling techniques in the machining of composites and superalloys: A systematic review, Energies. 15 (2022) 8313. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218313
[4] D. Srinivasan, K. Ananth, Recent advances in alloy development for metal additive manufacturing in gas turbine/aerospace applications: A review, J. Indian Inst. Sci. 102 (2022) 311−349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41745-022-00290-4
[5] J.Y. Lee, J. An, C.K. Chua, Fundamentals and applications of 3D printing for novel materials, Appl. Mater. Today. 7 (2017) 120−133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2017.02.004
[6] P. Vijayakumar, S. Raja, M.A. Rusho, G.L. Balaji, Investigations on microstructure, crystallographic texture evolution, residual stress and mechanical properties of additive manufactured nickel-based superalloy for aerospace applications: Role of industrial ageing heat treatment, J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 46 (2024) 356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-024-04940-9
[7] N.M. Dawood, A.M. Salim, A review on characterization, classifications, and applications of super alloys, J. Univ. Babylon Eng. Sci. (2021) 53−62.
[8] A. Behera, Superalloys, in: A. Behera (Ed.), Advanced Materials: An Introduction to Modern Materials Science, Rourkela, India, 2022, pp. 225−261. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80359-9_7
[9] M.J. Donachie, S.J. Donachie, Superalloys: A Technical Guide, Second ed., United States of America, ASM International, 2002. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.9781627082679
[10] M.C. Hardy, M. Detrois, E.T. McDevitt, C. Argyrakis, V. Saraf, P.D. Jablonski, J. A. Hawk, R.C. Buckingham, H.S. Kitaguchi, S. Tin, Solving recent challenges for wrought Ni-base superalloys, Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 51 (2020) 2626−2650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05773-6
[11] N.E. Prasad, R.J.H. Wanhill, Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies, Springer, Singapore, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2143-5
[12] M.J. Donachie, S.J. Donachie, Selection of superalloys for design, in: M. Kutz (Ed.), Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook: Materials and Mechanical Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471777447.ch8
[13] S. Gialanella, A. Malandruccolo, Aerospace Alloys, Cham, Springer Cham, Switzerland, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24440-8
[14] M.P. Brady, J. Magee, Y. Yamamoto, D. Helmick, L. Wang, Co-optimization of wrought alumina-forming austenitic stainless steel composition ranges for high-temperature creep and oxidation/corrosion resistance, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 590 (2014) 101−115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.10.014
[15] Z. Zhang, H. Huang, Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, B. Zhu, H. Zhao, A review of the microstructure and properties of superalloys regulated by magnetic field, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 30 (2024) 9285−9317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.05.189
[16] S. Gialanella, A. Malandruccolo, Superalloys, in: C.P. Bergmann (Ed.), Aerospace Alloys, Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Switzerland, 2020, pp. 267-386. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24440-8_6
[17] M.J. Eckelman, L. Ciacci, G. Kavlak, P. Nuss, B.K. Reck, T.E. Graedel, Life cycle carbon benefits of aerospace alloy recycling, J. Clean. Prod. 80 (2014) 38−45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.05.039
[18] M. Moniruzzaman, M.S.H. Chowdhury, D. Saha, M.M. Billah, A. Helal, R.A. Biswash, Hydrokinetic turbine technology and its prospect in Bangladesh: A, Aust. J. Eng. Innov. Tech. 4 (2022) 01−07. https://doi.org/10.34104/ajeit.022.01007
[19] E. Akca, A. Gürsel, A review on superalloys and IN718 nickel-based INCONEL superalloy, Period. Eng. Nat. Sci. 3 (2015) 15−27. https://doi.org/10.21533/pen.v3i1.43
[20] R. Batista, R. Fernanda, T. De Oliveira, M. Valério, M.B. Silva, Application of taguchi method in turning process of a superalloy NIMONIC 80A to improve the surface roughness, Int. J. Innov. Res. Eng. Manag. 2 (2015) 81−88.
[21] R. Kataria, R.P. Singh, P. Sharma, R.K. Phanden, Welding of super alloys: A review, Mater. Today Proc. 38 (2021) 265−268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.198
[22] M.K. Sinha, A. Pal, K. Kishore, A. Singh, Archana, H. Sansanwal, P. Sharma, Applications of sustainable techniques in machinability improvement of superalloys: A comprehensive review, Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. 17 (2023) 473−498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-022-01053-2
[23] I.G. Akande, O.O. Oluwole, O.S.I. Fayomi, O.A. Odunlami, Overview of mechanical, microstructural, oxidation properties and high-temperature applications of superalloys, Mater. Today Proc. 43 (2021) 2222−2231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.523
[24] W. Xia, X. Zhao, L. Yue, Z. Zhang, Microstructural evolution and creep mechanisms in Ni-based single crystal superalloys: A review, J. Alloys Compd. 819 (2020) 152954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152954
[25] G.A. Rao, M. Sankaranarayana, S. Balasubramaniam, Hot isostatic pressing technology for defence and space applications, Def. Sci. J. 62 (2012) 73−80. https://doi.org/10.14429/dsj.62.372
[26] D.G. Thakur, B. Ramamoorthy, L. Vijayaraghavan, Effect of cutting parameters on the degree of work hardening and tool life during high-speed machining of Inconel 718, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 59 (2012) 483−489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3529-6
[27] E.P. Ambrosio, M.R. Abdul Karim, M. Pavese, S. Biamino, C. Badini, P. Fino, Feasibility of electrochemical deposition of nickel/silicon carbide fibers composites over nickel superalloys, Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 48 (2017) 2504−2510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4007-z
[28] S. Zhao, J. Dong, C. Lv, Z. Li, X. Sun, W. Zhang, Thermal mismatch effect and high‐temperature tensile performance simulation of hybrid CMC and superalloy bolted joint by progressive damage analysis, Int. J. Aerospace Eng. 2020 (2020) 8739638. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8739638
[29] G. Barbieri, F. Cognini, C. de Crescenzo, A. Fava, M. Moncada, R. Montanari, M. Richetta, A. Varone, Process optimization in laser welding of IN792 DS superalloy, Metals. 14 (2024) 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14010124
[30] K.O. Lee, S.B. Lee, Modeling of materials behavior at various temperatures of hot isostatically pressed superalloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 541 (2012) 81−87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.02.005
[31] M. Durand-Charre, The Microstructure of Superalloys, CRC Press, London, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203736388
[32] T.M. Pollock, S. Tin, Nickel-based superalloys for advanced turbine engines: Chemistry, microstructure and properties, J. Propuls. Power. 22 (2006) 361−374. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.18239
[33] E. Martelli, M. Girardi, P. Chiesa, Breaking 70% net electric combined cycle efficiency with CMC gas turbine blades, ASME Turbo. Expo. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1115/GT2022-81118
[34] V. Kumar, B. Kandasubramanian, Processing and design methodologies for advanced and novel thermal barrier coatings for engineering applications, Particuology. 27 (2016) 1− https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2016.01.007
[35] A. Kracke, A. Allvac, Superalloys, the most successful alloy system of modern times-past, present and future, in: Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Superalloy. 718 (2010) 13−50. https://doi.org/10.7449/2010/Superalloys_2010_13_50
[36] N. Miura, Y. Kondo, Morphology of precipitates in a first stage low pressure turbine blade of a Ni-based superalloy after service and after following aging, J. of ASTM Int. 9 (2012) 1−9. https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI103463
[37] R.J. Bennett, S.W. Booth, C.M. Younes, Effect of thermal exposure on degradation of compressor blades in aero-jet engines, Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol. 50 (2015) 283−291. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743278214Y.0000000223
[38] C.K. Sudbrack, D.L. Beckett, R.A. MacKay, Effect of surface preparation on the 815° C oxidation of single-crystal nickel-based superalloys, JOM. 67 (2015) 2589−2598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1639-6
[39] T.M. Smith, B.D. Esser, N. Antolin, A. Carlsson, R.E.A. Williams, A. Wessman, T. Hanlon, H.L. Fraser, W. Windl, D.W. McComb, M.J. Mills, Phase transformation strengthening of high-temperature superalloys, Nat. Commun. 7 (2016) 13434. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13434
[40] G. Liu, C. Huang, H. Zhu, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, C. Li, The modified surface properties and fatigue life of Incoloy A286 face-milled at different cutting parameters, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 704 (2017) 1−9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.07.072
[41] J. Liu, C. Gao, L. Shen, H. Cheng, X. Gao, X. Han, Microstructure and surface morphology of inconel 625 alloy prepared by laser melting deposition using abrasive-assisted jet electrochemical machining, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 13 (2018) 10654−10668. https://doi.org/10.20964/2018.11.25
[42] A. Kruk, G. Cempura, Application of analytical electron microscopy and FIB-SEM tomographic technique for phase analysis in as-cast Allvac 718Plus superalloy, Inte. J. Mater. Res. 110 (2019) 3−10. https://doi.org/10.3139/146.111678
[43] N.E. Ugodilinwa, M. Khoshdarregi, O.A. Ojo, Analysis and constitutive modeling of high strain rate deformation behavior of Haynes 282 aerospace superalloy, Mater. Today Commun. 20 (2019) 100545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100545
[44] K. Khanafer, A. Eltaggaz, I. Deiab, H. Agarwal, A. Abdul-Latif, Toward sustainable micro-drilling of Inconel 718 superalloy using MQL-Nanofluid, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 107 (2020) 3459−3469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05112-4
[45] M.E. Pek, A.K. Ackerman, M. Appleton, M.P. Ryan, S. Pedrazzini, Development of a novel, impurity-scavenging, corrosion-resistant coating for Ni-based superalloy CMSX-4, High Temp. Corros. Mater. 99 (2023) 3−13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-022-10142-2
[46] Ł. Rakoczy, M. Grudzień-Rakoczy, R.Cygan, B. Rutkowski, T. Kargul, T. Dudziak, E. Rząd, O. Milkovič, A. Zielińska-Lipiec, Characterization of the as-cast microstructure and selected properties of the X-40 Co-based superalloy produced via lost-wax casting, Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 22 (2022) 143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-022-00466-w
[47] L. Zhang, D. Townsend, Characteristics of quasi-static and dynamic failure of Inconel 625 superalloy under simple shear, Mater. Lett. 358 (2024) 135822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2023.135822
[48] J.L. Evans, Effect of surface roughness on the oxidation behavior of the Ni-base superalloy ME3, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 19 (2010) 1001−1004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-010-9605-5
[49] C.J. Pierce, A.N. Palazotto, A.H. Rosenberger, Creep and fatigue interaction in the PWA1484 single crystal nickel-base alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 527 29−30 (2010) 7484−7489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.08.033
[50] Y. Amouyal, D.N. Seidman, The role of hafnium in the formation of misoriented defects in Ni-based superalloys: An atom-probe tomographic study, Acta. Mater. 59 (2011) 3321−3333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.02.006
[51] Y. Amouyal, D.N. Seidman, An atom-probe tomographic study of freckle formation in a nickel-based superalloy, Acta. Mater. 59 (2011) 6729−6742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.07.030
[52] Y.A. Nagumo, T. Jr, R. Sugiura, T. Matsuzaki, H. Takeuchi, Y. Ito, Behavior of branch cracking and the microstructural strengthening mechanism of polycrystalline Ni-base superalloy, IN100 under creep condition, Mater. Trans. 52 (2011) 1876−1884. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.M2011074
[53] A. Klimpel, A. Olejnik, D. Janicki, A. Lisiecki, Investigations of technology of repair laser welding of exhaust flaps of jet engine made of nickel superalloy, Weld. Int. 27 (2013) 331−337. https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2011.600039
[54] N.O. Villalón, O. Covarrubias, R. Colás, Heat treating of a 718Plus superalloy, Mater. Perform. Charact. 2 (2013) 153−162. https://doi.org/10.1520/MPC20120026
[55] A.T. Yokobori Jr, R. Sugiura, H. Takeuchi, G. Ozeki, A. Ishida, D. Kobayashi, S. Hosono, Law of fracture life for directionally solidified and poly-crystal nickel-base super alloys (CM247LC and IN100) under creep-fatigue conditions based on non-equilibrium science, Strength Fract. Complex. 8 (2013) 25−44. https://doi.org/10.3233/SFC-130154
[56] P. Fernandez-Zelaia, B.S. Adair, V.M. Barker, S.D. Antolovich, The portevin-Le Chatelier effect in the Ni-based superalloy IN100, Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 46 (2015) 5596−5609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-3126-7
[57] R.C. Reed, Z. Zhu, A. Sato, D.J. Crudden, Isolation and testing of new single crystal superalloys using alloys-by-design method, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 667 (2016) 261−278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.04.089
[58] W.J. Nowak, Characterization of oxidized Ni-based superalloys by GD-OES, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 32 (2017) 1730−1738. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7JA00069C
[59] J. Belan, A. Vaško, L. Kuchariková, E. Tillová, M. Chalupová, The SEM metallography analysis of vacuum cast ZhS6K superalloy turbine blade after various working hours, Manuf. Technol. 19 (2019) 727−733. https://doi.org/10.21062/ujep/362.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/5/727
[60] O.A. Olufayo, H. Che, V. Songmene, C. Katsari, S. Yue, Machinability of Rene 65 superalloy, Mater. 12 (2019) 2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12122034
[61] Ł. Rakoczy, M. Grudzień-Rakoczy, R. Cygan, The influence of shell mold composition on the as-cast macro-and micro-structure of thin-walled IN713C superalloy castings, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 28 (2019) 3974−3985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04098-9
[62] K. Venkatesan, S. Devendiran, S.C.S.R. Bhupatiraju, S. Kolluru, C. Pavan Kumar, Experimental investigation and optimization of micro-drilling parameters on Inconel 800 superalloy, Mater. Manuf. Process. 35 (2020) 1214−1227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2020.1746333
[63] T. Sonar, V. Balasubramanian, S. Malarvizhi, T. Venkateswaran, D. Sivakumar, Development of 3-Dimensional (3D) response surfaces to maximize yield strength and elongation of inter pulsed TIG welded thin high temperature alloy sheets for jet engine applications, CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Tec. 31 (2020) 628−642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2020.09.003
[64] K. Mehmood, M. Imran, L. Ali, M.A. Umer, M. Abbas, M. Saleem, Development of cost-effective microstructure and isothermal oxidation-resistant bond coats on Inconel 718 by atmospheric plasma-sprayed NiCoCrAlFe high-entropy alloy, JOM. 75 (2023) 239−247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05578-5
[65] S. Farokhi, Aircraft Propulsion: Cleaner, Leaner, and Greener, Third ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2021.
[66] A. Ashrafi, Investigating the replacement of nickel-based superalloys with niobium-based superalloys in the new generation of turbine blades in the aero-space industry, Int. J. Met. Math. Sci. 6 (2024) 22−29. https://doi.org/10.34104/ijmms.024.022029
[67] A.A. Shanyavskiy, Very-High-Cycle-Fatigue of in-service air-engine blades, compressor and turbine, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 57 (2014) 19−29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-013-5364-2
[68] P. Sharma, D. Chakradhar, S. Narendranath, Effect of wire material on productivity and surface integrity of WEDM-processed Inconel 706 for aircraft application, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 25 (2016) 3672−3681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2216-z
[69] F. Pashmforoush, R.D. Bagherinia, Influence of water-based copper nanofluid on wheel loading and surface roughness during grinding of Inconel 738 superalloy, J. Clean. Prod. 178 (2018) 363−372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.003
[70] M. Luo, H. Li, On the machinability and surface finish of superalloy GH909 under dry cutting conditions, Mater. Res. 21 (2018) e20171086. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2017-1086
[71] C. Ming, G. Yadong, S. Yao, Q. Shuoshuo, L. Yin, Y. Yuying, Experimental study on grinding surface properties of nickel-based single crystal superalloy DD5, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 101 (2019) 71−85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2839-3
[72] Y. He, Z. Zhou, P. Zou, X. Gao, K.F. Ehmann, Study of ultrasonic vibration-assisted thread turning of Inconel 718 superalloy, Adv. Mech. Eng. 11 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814019883772
[73] A.I. Epishin, D.S. Lisovenko, Comparison of isothermal and adiabatic elasticity characteristics of the single crystal nickel-based superalloy CMSX-4 in the temperature range between room temperature and 1300 C, Mech. Solids. 58 (2023) 1587−1598. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0025654423601301
[74] D. Zhao, L. Zhou, D. Wang, H. Zeng, X. Gong, D. Shu, B. Sun, Integrated computational framework for controlling dimensional accuracy of thin-walled turbine blades during investment casting, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 129 (2023) 1315−13 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12319-8
[75] K. Jithesh, M. Arivarasu, An investigation on hot corrosion and oxidation behavior of cobalt-based superalloy L605 in the simulated aero-engine environment at various temperatures, Mater. Res. Express. 6 (2019) 126530. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab54dd
[76] J. Gao, Y. Tong, H. Zhang, L. Zhu, Q. Hu, J. Hu, S. Zhang, Machine learning assisted design of Ni-based superalloys with excellent high-temperature performance, Mater. Charact. 198 (2023) 112740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2023.112740
[77] W.D. Musinski, D.L. McDowell, Microstructure-sensitive probabilistic modeling of HCF crack initiation and early crack growth in Ni-base superalloy IN100 notched components, Int. J. Fatigue. 37 (2012) 41−53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2011.09.014
[78] K.S. Chan, M.P. Enright, J.P. Moody, Development of a probabilistic methodology for predicting hot corrosion fatigue crack growth life of gas turbine engine disks, J. Eng. Gas Turbine. Power. 136 (2014) 022505. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4025555
[79] E. Cagliyan, F. Walter, Metallurgical failure investigation of overheated brackets made of nimonic alloy 90, Pract. Metallogr. 52 (2015) 665−678. https://doi.org/10.3139/147.110251
[80] O.G. Ospennikova, M.R. Orlov, V.G. Kolodochkina, R.M. Nazarkin, Structural changes and damage of single-crystal turbine blades during life tests of an aviation gas turbine engine, Russ. Metall. (Met.). 2015 (2015) 324−331. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029515040114
[81] T. Sjöberg, J. Kajberg, M. Oldenburg, Calibration and validation of three fracture criteria for alloy 718 subjected to high strain rates and elevated temperatures, Eur. J. Mech. A-Solid. 71 (2018) 34−50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2018.03.010
[82] X. Shi, S. Duan, W. Yang, H. Guo, J. Guo, Solidification and segregation behaviors of superalloy IN718 at a slow cooling rate, Mater. 11 (2018) 2398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11122398
[83] A. Silvello, P. Cavaliere, A. Rizzo, D. Valerini, S. Dosta Parras, I. García Cano, Fatigue bending behavior of cold-sprayed nickel-based superalloy coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol. 28 (2019) 930−938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-019-00865-1
[84] A. Jokar, F. Ghadami, N. Azimzadeh, D. Salehi Doolabi, A novel approach to the protection of internal passageways of gas turbine blades by aluminide coating: Evaluation of oxidation behavior, Mater. Corros. 73 (2022) 1534−1552. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202213179
[85] H. Lu, J. Wang, Z. Wen, T. Liu, Y. Lian, Z. Yue, Vibration fatigue behavior and life prediction of directionally solidified superalloy based on the phase transformation theory, Eng. Fract. Mech. 282 (2023) 109184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2023.109184
[86] Z. Zhang, M. Chen, P. Yu, H. Huang, H. Li, F. Yu, Z. Zhang, Y. Niu, S. Gao, C. Wang, J. Jiang, Study of the roughness effect on the normal spectral emissivity of GH3044, Infrared Phys. Technol. 133 (2023) 104831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2023.104831
[87] Z. Jonsta, P. Jonsta, K. Konecna, M. Gabcova, Phase analysis of nickel superalloy Inconel 738 LC, Commun. Sci. Lett. Univ. Zilina. 12 (2010) 90−94. https://doi.org/10.26552/com.C.2010.4.90-94
[88] Z. Zhao, Y. Fu, J. Xu, Z. Zhang, Z. Liu, J. He, An investigation on high-efficiency profile grinding of directional solidified nickel-based superalloys DZ125 with electroplated CBN wheel, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 83 (2016) 1−11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7550-z
[89] Z. Khan, S. Fida, F. Nisar, N. Alam, Investigation of intergranular corrosion in 2nd stage gas turbine blades of an aircraft engine, Eng. Fail. Anal. 68 (2016) 197−209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.05.033
[90] S. Sarfraz, E. Shehab, K. Salonitis, W. Suder, Experimental investigation of productivity, specific energy consumption, and hole quality in single-pulse, percussion, and trepanning drilling of in 718 superalloy, Energies. 12 (2019) 4610. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12244610
[91] L. Zhang, L. Zhao, R. Jiang, C. Bullough, Crystal plasticity finite‐element modelling of cyclic deformation and crack initiation in a nickel‐based single‐crystal superalloy under low‐cycle fatigue, Fatigue. Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 43 (2020) 1769−1783. https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.13228
[92] F.P. Prakash, N. Jeyaprakash, M. Duraiselvam, G. Prabu, C.-H. Yang, Droplet spreading and wettability of laser textured C-263 based nickel superalloy, Surf. Coat. Technol. 397 (2020) 126055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126055
[93] G. Zhu, W. Pan, R. Wang, D. Wang, D. Shu, L. Zhang, A. Dong, B. Sun, Microstructures and mechanical properties of GTD222 superalloy fabricated by selective laser melting, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 807 (2021) 140668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140668
[94] M. Taheri, A. Halvaee, S.F. Kashani Bozorg, A. Salemi Golezani, R. Panahi Liavoli, A.A. Kashi, The effect of heat treatment on creep behavior of GTD-111 superalloy welded by pulsed Nd: YAG laser using small punch test, Eng. Fail. Anal. 122 (2021) 105255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105255
[95] G. Liu, D. Du, K. Wang, Z. Pu, D. Zhang, B. Chang, Microstructure and wear behavior of IC10 directionally solidified superalloy repaired by directed energy deposition, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 93 (2021) 71−78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.04.006
[96] X. Zhu, F. Wang, D. Ma, A. Bührig-Polaczek, Influence of Hf and MC carbide on transverse platform in single crystal grain selection of 2D grain selector, Mater. 15 (2022) 6274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186274
[97] Y. Song, K. Shi, Z. He, Z. Zhang, Y. Shi, Investigation of grindability and surface integrity in creep feed grinding of GH738 alloy using different grinding wheels, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 123 (2022) 4153−4169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-10497-5
[98] S.N. Grigoriev, M.A. Volosova, A.A. Okunkova, Investigation of surface layer condition of SiAlON ceramic inserts and its influence on tool durability when turning nickel-based superalloy, Technol. 11 (2023) 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11010011
[99] B. Hu, W. Xie, W. Zhong, D. Zhang, X. Wang, J. Hu, Y. Wu, Y. Liu, The effect of pulling speed on the structure and properties of DZ22B superalloy blades, Coat. 13 (2023) 1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071225
[100] W. Yu, J. Wu, Y. Li, Q. An, W. Ming, D. Chen, H. Wang, M. Chen, Investigations on surface modification of nickel-based superalloy subjected to ultrasonic surface rolling process, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 129 (2023) 1473−1488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12299-9
[101] S.K. Saurabh, P. Chand, U.S. Yadav, Optimizing laser beam welding performance parameters on nimonic 80A superalloy: A study on experimentation, TGRA, and PCA, Soldag. Insp. 29 (2024) e2904. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si29.04
