Squeeze flow visualization using digital image correlation
Gerben BIELEMAN, Wouter J.B. GROUVE, Francesco RONDINA, Edwin T.J. KLOMPEN, Remko AKKERMAN
Abstract. Process modeling of thermoplastic composites is vital to process optimization. One of the process phenomena that needs to be characterized for modeling is the flow of fibers and matrix transverse to the fiber direction, typically characterized using the squeeze flow method. The determination of the transverse viscosity from squeeze flow data requires assumptions of boundary conditions and velocity profiles, which are difficult to determine during or after the test. This work presents a methodology to determine boundary conditions and flow profiles during the squeeze flow of UD C/LM-PAEK material by means of digital image correlation (DIC). Image sequences of two experiments were analyzed, one performed at a rate of 0.01 mm/s and the other at 5.0 mm/s. The analysis showed differences in the boundary conditions and flow fields both across different test conditions and during each individual test. These new insights will help improve the kinematic accuracy of flow models fitted to squeeze flow characterization data.
Keywords
Squeeze Flow, Thermoplastic Composites, Digital Image Correlation
Published online 5/7/2025, 10 pages
Copyright © 2025 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA
Citation: Gerben BIELEMAN, Wouter J.B. GROUVE, Francesco RONDINA, Edwin T.J. KLOMPEN, Remko AKKERMAN, Squeeze flow visualization using digital image correlation, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 54, pp 572-581, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903599-62
The article was published as article 62 of the book Material Forming
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
References
[1] A.R. Offringa, “Thermoplastic composites – Rapid processing applications,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 27, no. 4 PART A, pp. 329–336, 1996.
[2] M. Iqbal, “Compression molding of chopped woven thermoplastic composite flakes: a study on processing and performance,” May 2016. https://doi.org/10.3990/1.9789036541510
[3] E.R. Pierik, W.J.B. Grouve, S. Wijskamp and R. Akkerman, (2022). Prediction of the peak and steady-state ply-ply friction response for UD C/PAEK tapes. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 163, Article 107185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2022.107185.
[4] Brands D., Wijskamp S., Grouve W.J.B., Akkerman R. “In-Plane Shear Characterization of Unidirectional Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Tape Using the Bias Extension Method“ (2022) Frontiers in Materials, 9, art. no. 863952. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2022.863952
[5] Haanappel S.P., Akkerman R. “Shear characterisation of uni-directional fibre reinforced thermoplastic melts by means of torsion”(2014) Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 56, pp. 8 – 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.09.007
[6] Sachs U., Akkerman R., Fetfatsidis K., Vidal-Sallé E., Schumacher J., Ziegmann G., Allaoui S., Hivet G., Maron B., Vanclooster K., Lomov S.V., Characterization of the dynamic friction of woven fabrics: Experimental methods and benchmark results, (2014) Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 67, pp. 289 – 298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.08.026
[7] Sachs U., Akkerman R., Viscoelastic bending model for continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites in melt, (2017) Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 100, pp. 333 – 341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.05.032
[8] J. Wang et al., “A review of experimental methods for characterizing composite viscosities of continuous fibre-reinforced polymer composites,” Korea-Australia Rheology Journal, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 57–68, Feb. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13367-023-00053-2
[9] Bieleman G., Rotink G., Grouve W.J.B., Klompen E.T.J., Akkerman R.. “Transverse squeeze flow of fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites”, (2024) Materials Research Proceedings, 41, pp. 586 – 594. https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903131-65
[10] Blaber, J., Adair, B. & Antoniou, A. “Ncorr: Open-Source 2D Digital Image Correlation Matlab Software. ” Exp Mech 55, 1105–1122 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-015-0009-1