Analysis of mechanical and metallurgical properties of HSLA fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)
Matheus Miranda, Bruno S. Cota, Valdemar R. Duarte, Tarcísio G. Brito, Gustavo H.S.F.L. de Carvalho, Telmo G. Santos
Abstract. A customized WAAM torch was attached to a 3-axis CNC machine within a working envelope of 2760 × 1960 × 2000 mm and a welding machine from Oerlikon, with a power source CITOWAVE III 520, wire feeder and control unit DMU W500 was used to deposit the material over a mild steel substrate. The feedstock material was a commercial low-carbon high-strength steel AWS A5.28 ER110S-G wire electrode with a diameter of 1 mm. ARCAL™ (Ar 82% / CO2 18%) was used as shielding gas and the deposition strategy was the Zig-Zag, i.e. consecutive layers were deposited in opposite directions. The samples were manufactured with 50 layers to carry out mechanical and metallographic tests. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on an Autograph Shimadzu machine model AG500Kng equipped with a Shimadzu load cell SFL-50kN AG. For each condition, four specimens were removed in the longitudinal direction and four specimens in the transverse direction. The micro-specimens with a thickness of 2.5 mm were extracted via electro discharge machining (EDM), and the geometry was designed on the basis of standards according to the recommendations of ASTM E8-04, DIN EN 2002-001:2006-11 and DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2009-12. Impact tests were performed with a Charpy pendulum (300 J capacity) on V-notch sub-sized samples with dimensions of 55 mm × 10 mm × 2,5 mm according to the specifications given by EN ISO 148–1:2016 [1]. For microstructural characterization, cross-sections from the center of each sample were cut, polished, and etched with Nital (2%). The metallographic analysis was conducted using a Leica DMI 5000 M inverted optical microscope.
Keywords
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Direct Energy Deposition, Anisotropy, Mechanical
Published online 5/7/2025, 9 pages
Copyright © 2025 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA
Citation: Matheus Miranda, Bruno S. Cota, Valdemar R. Duarte, Tarcísio G. Brito, Gustavo H.S.F.L. de Carvalho, Telmo G. Santos, Analysis of mechanical and metallurgical properties of HSLA fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 54, pp 87-95, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903599-10
The article was published as article 10 of the book Material Forming
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
References
[1] T.A. Rodrigues, V. Duarte, J.A. Avila, T.G. Santos, R.M. Miranda, J.P. Oliveira, Wire and arc additive manufacturing of HSLA steel: Effect of thermal cycles on microstructure and mechanical properties, Addit. Manuf. 27 (2019) 440–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.03.029
[2] GARDNER, L. Metal additive manufacturing in structural engineering: review, advances, opportunities and outlook. Structures, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.12.039
[3] GARDNER, L.; KYVELOU, P.; HERBERT, G.; BUCHANAN, C. Testing and initial verification of the world’s first metal 3D printed bridge. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.106233
[4] GIBSON, Ian; ROSEN, David; STUCKER, Brent. Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing. 2. ed. New York: Springer, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2113-3
[5] GEBHARDT, Andreas. Handbook of Additive Manufacturing. München: Carl Hanser Verlag, 2016.
[6] MARTINA, F. et al. Cold rolling techniques in WAAM. Materials, 2019.
[7] RODRIGUES, T. A.; et al. Current Status and Perspectives on Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). Materials, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071121
[8] RODRIGUES, T. A.; DUARTE, V. R.; TOMÁS, D.; et al. In-situ strengthening of a high strength low alloy steel during Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). Additive Manufacturing, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101200
[9] LINCOLN ELECTRIC. Technical Data of ER110S-G Consumable Wire. 2016. Disponível em: https://www.lincolnelectric.com/assets/global/Products/ConsumableEU_MIGWires-LNM-LNMMoNiVa/lnmmoniva-eng.pdf
[10] KOK, Y.; TAN, X. P. P.; WANG, P.; NAI, M. L. S. L. S.; LOH, N. H. H.; LIU, E.; et al. Anisotropy and heterogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties in metal additive manufacturing: a critical review. Materials and Design, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.021
[11] ABBASCHIAN, Reza; REED-HILL, Robert E.; ABBASCHIAN, Lara. Physical Metallurgy Principles. 4. ed. Stamford: Cengage Learning, 2010.
[12] FLEMINGS, Merton C. Solidification Processing. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974.
GARCIA, Amauri; SPIM, Jaime A.; SANTOS, Carlos A. Ensaios de Materiais. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: LTC, 2012.
