Effect of temperature and ZSM-5 catalyst dosage on carbon char yield from catalytic pyrolysis of waste tire
AMANI HUSSEIN, RAIHAN Mahirah Biniti Ramli, SURIATI Binti Sufian, ABID Salam Farooqi
Abstract. The disposal of waste tires has become a substantial environmental challenge attributed to their accumulation and potential hazards. Pyrolysis emerges as a viable approach for the valorization of waste tires, into valuable products such as pyrolytic char. This carbon-rich char can be effectively used for pollutant removal or further processed into activated carbon, which is widely utilized in purification and catalytic applications. This study explores the impact of pyrolysis temperature and zeolite catalyst dosage on the yield of carbonous materials from the catalytic degradation of pyrolytic char derived from waste tires pyrolysis. Firstly, slow pyrolysis of waste tires at 500°C for 3 hours yielded 60% solid char. Subsequently, The pyrolytic char was subjected to catalytic degradation at temperatures varying from 600°C to 800°C and catalyst dosage ranging from 0 to 1.5. The findings discovered diverse patterns in carbon char yield with increasing catalyst dosage across varying temperatures. At 800°C, a linear rise in char yield from 80% to 71% was noted with increasing catalyst dosage, attributed to coke formation on the surface of the catalyst. Conversely, at 700°C and 600°C, the carbon char yield reduced from 88% to 68% and 85% to 65%, respectively, with increasing catalyst dosage, potentially due to the promotion of liquid product formation. The present research demonstrates the significant impact of pyrolysis temperature and catalyst dosage on the carbon char yield derived from waste tires, providing valuable insight for optimizing the catalytic decomposition, for the valorization of waste tire-derived carbonaceous materials.
Keywords
Waste Tires, ZSM-5, Solid Char, Slow Pyrolysis, Carbonous Materials, Fast Pyrolysis
Published online 4/25/2025, 9 pages
Copyright © 2025 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA
Citation: AMANI HUSSEIN, RAIHAN Mahirah Biniti Ramli, SURIATI Binti Sufian, ABID Salam Farooqi, Effect of temperature and ZSM-5 catalyst dosage on carbon char yield from catalytic pyrolysis of waste tire, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 53, pp 555-563, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903575-56
The article was published as article 56 of the book Decarbonization Technology
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
References
[1] Y. Qiao, Z. Chen, X. Wu, and Z. Li, “Effect of demineralization on waste tire pyrolysis char physical, chemical characteristics and combustion characteristics,” Energy, vol. 284, p. 129219, Dec. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.129219.
[2] S. Maroufi, M. Mayyas, and V. Sahajwalla, “Nano-carbons from waste tyre rubber: An insight into structure and morphology,” Waste Management, vol. 69, 2017, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.020.
[3] J. Nisar et al., “Pyrolysis of waste tire rubber: Influence of temperature on pyrolysates yield,” J Environ Chem Eng, vol. 6, no. 2, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.05.021.
[4] A. enkosi Mavukwana and C. Sempuga, “Recent developments in waste tyre pyrolysis and gasification processes,” 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2020.1864624.
[5] P. Parthasarathy et al., “Influence of process conditions on product yield of waste tyre pyrolysis- A review,” Aug. 01, 2016, Springer New York LLC. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0126-2.
[6] A. Alsaleh and M. L. Sattler, “Waste Tire Pyrolysis: Influential Parameters and Product Properties,” Dec. 01, 2014, Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40518-014-0019-0.
[7] M. M. Rahman, Y. Yu, and H. Wu, “Valorisation of Waste Tyre via Pyrolysis: Advances and Perspectives,” Oct. 20, 2022, American Chemical Society. doi:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c02053.
[8] H. Afash, B. Ozarisoy, H. Altan, and C. Budayan, “Recycling of Tire Waste Using Pyrolysis: An Environmental Perspective,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 19, p. 14178, Sep. 2023, doi:10.3390/su151914178.
[9] W. Han, D. Han, and H. Chen, “Pyrolysis of Waste Tires: A Review,” Apr. 01, 2023, MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15071604.
[10] B. Rijo, A. P. Soares Dias, and Ł. Wojnicki, “Catalyzed pyrolysis of scrap tires rubber,” J Environ Chem Eng, vol. 10, no. 1, Feb. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.107037.
[11] A. Abedeen, M. S. Hossain, U. Som, and M. D. Moniruzzaman, “Catalytic cracking of scrap tire- generated fuel oil from pyrolysis of waste tires with zeolite ZSM-5,” International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 2025–2040, 2021, doi:10.1080/19397038.2021.1951883.
[12] G. H. A. Razzaq and N. S. Majeed, “Pyrolysis of scrap tire by utilizing zeolite as catalyst,” in Materials Today: Proceedings, Elsevier Ltd, 2021, pp. 4606–4611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.1232.
[13] W. Qu et al., “Pyrolysis of waste tire on ZSM-5 zeolite with enhanced catalytic activities,”Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 91, no. 10, pp. 2389–2395, Oct. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.03.014.
[14] J. I. Osayi and P. Osifo, “Utilization of Synthesized Zeolite for Improved Properties of Pyrolytic Oil Derived from Used Tire,” International Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 2019, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6149189.
[15] A. Abedeen, M. S. Hossain, U. Som, and M. D. Moniruzzaman, “Catalytic cracking of scrap tire- generated fuel oil from pyrolysis of waste tires with zeolite ZSM-5,” International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 2025–2040, 2021, doi:10.1080/19397038.2021.1951883.
[16] S. Muenpol, R. Yuwapornpanit, and S. Jitkarnka, “Valuable petrochemicals, petroleum fractions, and sulfur compounds in oils derived from waste tyre pyrolysis using five commercial zeolites as catalysts: Impact of zeolite properties,” Clean Technol Environ Policy, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1149–1159, Jun. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-015-0935-8.
[17] Suhartono, M. Harsanti, W. Septiyanti, Suharto, and F. Achmad, “Zeolite catalytic pyrolysis of waste tire into fuel in gasoline hydrocarbon range,” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/969/1/012030.
[18] W. Qu et al., “Pyrolysis of waste tire on ZSM-5 zeolite with enhanced catalytic activities,”Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 91, no. 10, pp. 2389–2395, Oct. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.03.014.
[19] M. Arabiourrutia, M. Olazar, R. Aguado, G. López, A. Baron, and J. Bilbao, “HZSM-5 and HY zeolite catalyst performance in the pyrolysis of tires in a conical spouted bed reactor,” Ind Eng Chem Res, vol. 47, no. 20, pp. 7600–7609, Oct. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie800376d.
[20] S. Ucar, S. Karagoz, A. R. Ozkan, and J. Yanik, “Evaluation of two different scrap tires as hydrocarbon source by pyrolysis,” Fuel, vol. 84, no. 14–15, 2005, doi:
10.1016/j.fuel.2005.04.002.
[21] C. Berrueco, E. Esperanza, F. J. Mastral, J. Ceamanos, and P. García-Bacaicoa, “Pyrolysis of waste tyres in an atmospheric static-bed batch reactor: Analysis of the gases obtained,” in Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2004.10.007.
[22] A. M. Mastral, R. Murillo, M. S. Callén, T. García, and C. E. Snape, “Influence of process variables on oils from tire pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis in a swept fixed bed reactor,” Energy and Fuels, vol. 14, no. 4, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef990183e.
[23] R. Murillo, E. Aylón, M. V. Navarro, M. S. Callén, A. Aranda, and A. M. Mastral, “The application of thermal processes to valorise waste tyre,” in Fuel Processing Technology, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2005.07.005.
[24] C. Sathiskumar and S. Karthikeyan, “Recycling of waste tires and its energy storage application of by-products –a review,” Dec. 01, 2019, Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2019.e00125.
[25] M. Wang, L. Zhang, A. Li, M. Irfan, Y. Du, and W. Di, “Comparative pyrolysis behaviors of tire tread and side wall from waste tire and characterization of the resulting chars,” J Environ Manage, vol. 232, pp. 364–371, Feb. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.091.
[26] J. D. Martínez, N. Puy, R. Murillo, T. García, M. V. Navarro, and A. M. Mastral, “Waste tyre pyrolysis – A review,” 2013, Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.038.
[27] P. Caputo et al., “Char from Pyrolysis of Waste Tires to Increase Bitumen Performances,”Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 30, Dec. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010030.
[28] S. M. R. Costa, D. Fowler, G. A. Carreira, I. Portugal, and C. M. Silva, “Production and Upgrading of Recovered Carbon Black from the Pyrolysis of End-of-Life Tires,” Mar. 01, 2022, MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062030.
[29] X. Jin et al., “Coke formation on activated carbon during catalytic upgrading of coal pyrolysis volatiles,” Ranliao Huaxue Xuebao/Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, vol. 49, no. 5, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5813(21)60047-6.
[30] V. Daligaux, R. Richard, and M. H. Manero, “Deactivation and regeneration of zeolite catalysts used in pyrolysis of plastic wastes—a process and analytical review,” 2021. doi:10.3390/catal11070770.
[31] M. Olazar, M. Arabiourrutia, G. Lôpez, R. Aguado, and J. Bilbao, “Effect of acid catalysts on scrap tyre pyrolysis under fast heating conditions,” J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 199–204, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2008.03.006.
[32] S. M. Pai, R. K. Das, S. A. K. Kumar, L. Kumar, A. L. Karemore, and B. L. Newalkar, “Emerging trends in solid acid catalyst alkylation processes,” in Catalysis for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability: Petrochemicals and Refining Processes – Volume 2, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65021-6_4.
[33] J. Xu et al., “High-value utilization of waste tires: A review with focus on modified carbon black from pyrolysis,” Nov. 10, 2020, Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140235.
[34] A. Hijazi, A. H. Al-Muhtaseb, S. Aouad, M. N. Ahmad, and J. Zeaiter, “Pyrolysis of waste rubber tires with palladium doped zeolite,” J Environ Chem Eng, vol. 7, no. 6, 2019, doi:10.1016/j.jece.2019.103451.
[35] V. Benedetti, S. S. Ail, F. Patuzzi, D. Cristofori, R. Rauch, and M. Baratieri, “Investigating the feasibility of valorizing residual char from biomass gasification as catalyst support in Fischer- Tropsch synthesis,” Renew Energy, vol. 147, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.050.
[36] N. Jagadeesh and B. Sundaram, “Adsorption of Pollutants from Wastewater by Biochar: A Review,” Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, vol. 9, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100226.
[37] N. Gao, F. Wang, C. Quan, L. Santamaria, G. Lopez, and P. T. Williams, “Tire pyrolysis char: Processes, properties, upgrading and applications,” Nov. 01, 2022, Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101022.
[38] F. Wang, N. Gao, C. Quan, and G. López, “Investigation of hot char catalytic role in the pyrolysis of waste tires in a two-step process,” J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, vol. 146, Mar. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2019.104770.
[39] Z. Wang et al., “Co-pyrolysis of waste tire and pine bark for syngas and char production,” Fuel, vol. 274, Aug. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117878.
