Enhancing the performance of masonry structures using fiber-reinforced polymer technologies under in-plane Loading: A comprehensive review

Enhancing the performance of masonry structures using fiber-reinforced polymer technologies under in-plane Loading: A comprehensive review

Houria HERNOUNE, Ouided HERIHIRI

Abstract. Unreinforced Masonry (URM) buildings are highly vulnerable to seismic forces. To improve their strength and ductility, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) materials are increasingly used for retrofitting and rehabilitation. This study presents a comprehensive review of FRP strengthening techniques, including Near-Surface Mounted (NSM-FRP) and Externally Bonded (EB-FRP) methods. The effectiveness of these techniques in enhancing the in-plane and out-of-plane behavior of masonry walls is examined through experimental investigations and numerical modeling. The review also explores the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of FRP strengthening, contributing to a better understanding of masonry behavior and the potential of FRP composites in improving masonry structure performance. While the literature suggests a promising future for FRP applications, further research is crucial to develop comprehensive design guidelines for retrofitting and rehabilitation.

Keywords
Masonry, FRP, Strengthening, Near-Surface Mounted, Externally Bonded FRP

Published online 2/25/2025, 10 pages
Copyright © 2025 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA

Citation: Houria HERNOUNE, Ouided HERIHIRI, Enhancing the performance of masonry structures using fiber-reinforced polymer technologies under in-plane Loading: A comprehensive review, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 48, pp 559-568, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903414-61

The article was published as article 61 of the book Civil and Environmental Engineering for Resilient, Smart and Sustainable Solutions

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

References
[1] S. Begum, S. Khatun, T. Sultana, Characterization of sustainable concrete made from wastewater bottle caps using a machine learning and RSM-CCD: towards performance and optimization, AToMech1-2023 Supplement, 36 (2023) 38. https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644902790-4
[2] B. Abdulsalam, et al., Behavior of GFRP strengthening masonry walls using glass fiber composite anchors, Structures(2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.12.025
[3] H. Hernoune, B. Benabed, M. Alshugaa, R. Abousnina, A. Guettala, Strengthening of masonry walls with CFRP composite: experiments and numerical modeling, Építöanyag (Online), 1 (2020) 2-11. https://doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2020.1
[4] H.K. HILSDORF, Investigation into the failure mechanism of brick masonry loaded in axial compression, Designing engineering and constructing with masonry products, (1969) 34-41.
[5] A. Page, The biaxial compressive strength of brick masonry, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 71 (1981) 893-906. https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1981.1825
[6] Ł. Bukowski, L. Szojda, Analysis of brick-wall structural behavior under compression in its plane, Procedia Engineering, 193 (2017) 329-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.221
[7] N. EN, Norme européenne, norme française: Méthode d’essai de la maçonnerie. Partie, (2003).
[8] H.B. Kaushik, D.C. Rai, S.K. Jain, Stress-strain characteristics of clay brick masonry under uniaxial compression, Journal of materials in Civil Engineering, 19 (2007) 728-739. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:9(728)
[9] H. Backes, On the behavior of masonry under tension in the direction of the bed joints, Dissertation, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany (1985).
[10] ASTM, Standard test method for diagonal tension (shear) in masonry assemblages, CD, American Society for Testing and Materials: Philadelphia (2002).
[11] L.A.S. Kouris, T.C. Triantafillou, State-of-the-art on strengthening of masonry structures with textile reinforced mortar (TRM), Construction and building Materials, 188 (2018) 1221-1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.039
[12] H. Hernoune, Masonry Shear Triplets Coated with Fiber Reinforced Mortars, Polymers, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14183707 (2024)
[13] Thomoglou, A.K., P. Jagadesh, and M.E. Voutetaki, Review of Out-of-Plane Strengthening Techniques of Unreinforced Masonry Walls. Fibers, 2023. 11(9): p. 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11090078
[15] T. Zhao, J. Xie, H. Li, Strengthening of cracked concrete block masonry walls using continuous carbon fiber sheet, 9th NAMC, (2003) 156-167.
[16] H. Mahmood, J.M. Ingham, Diagonal compression testing of FRP-retrofitted unreinforced clay brick masonry wallettes, Journal of composites for Construction, 15 (2011) 810-820. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000209
[17] A.A. Hamid, et al., Behavior of composite unreinforced masonry–fiber-reinforced polymer wall assemblages under in-plane loading, Journal of composites for Construction, (2005) 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2005)9:1(73)
[18] P. Narayanan, M. Deivanayagam, Retrofitting and rehabilitation of masonry structures using FRP composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.096 (2023)
[19] G. Marcari, et al., In-plane shear performance of masonry panels strengthened with FRP, Composites Part B: Engineering, 38 (2007) 887-901.
[20] M.R. Valluzzi, D. Tinazzi, C. Modena, Shear behavior of masonry panels strengthened by FRP laminates, Construction and building Materials, 16 (2002) 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00043-0
[21] S. Cheng, S. Yin, L. Jing, Comparative experimental analysis on the in-plane shear performance of brick masonry walls strengthened with different fiber reinforced materials, Construction and Building Materials, 259 (2020) 120387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120387
[22] S.-W. Chuang, et al., Seismic Retrofitting of Unreinforced Masonry Walls by Frp Strip, New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, (2003).
[23] J. Kubica, I. Galman, Investigations on flexural and compressive strengths of mortar dedicated to clinker units—Influence of mixing water content and curing time, Materials, 15 (2022) 347.
[24] S. Petrovčič, V. Kilar, Design considerations for retrofitting of historic masonry structures with externally bonded FRP systems, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 16 (2022) 957-976. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2020.1853278
[25] D. Zhou, Z. Lei, J. Wang, In-plane behavior of seismically damaged masonry walls repaired with external BFRP, Composite structures, 102 (2013) 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.01.031
[26] B. Luccioni, V.C. Rougier, In-plane retrofitting of masonry panels with fibre reinforced composite materials, Construction and building Materials, 25 (2011) 1772-1788.
[27] B. Luccioni, V.C. Rougier, Shear behaviour of brick–mortar interface in CFRP retrofitted or repaired masonry, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 52 (2010) 602-611.
[28] J.N. Chagas, G.F. Moita, Fibre Reinforced Polymers in the Rehabilitation of Damaged Masonry, Sustainable Construction: Building Performance Simulation and Asset and Maintenance Management, 1 (2016) 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40563-015-0035-3
[29] R.B. Petersen, M.J. Masia, R. Seracino, Bond behavior of near-surface mounted FRP strips bonded to modern clay brick masonry prisms: influence of strip orientation and compression perpendicular to the strip, Journal of composites for Construction, 13 (2009) 169-178.
[30] H. Hernoune, et al., Experimental and Numerical Study of Behaviour of Reinforced Masonry Walls with NSM CFRP Strips Subjected to Combined Loads, Buildings, 10 (2020) 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10060103
[31] H. Maljaee, B. Ghiassi, P.B. Lourenço, Bond behavior in NSM-strengthened masonry, Engineering Structures, 166 (2018) 302-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.03.091
[32] R.B. Petersen, M.J. Masia, R. Seracino, In-plane shear behavior of masonry panels strengthened with NSM CFRP strips. I: Experimental investigation, Journal of composites for Construction, 14 (2010) 754-763. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000134
[33] A.A. Hamid, et al., Behavior of composite unreinforced masonry–fiber-reinforced polymer wall assemblages under in-plane loading, Journal of composites for Construction, (2005) 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2005)9:1(73)
[34] H. Hernoune, et al., Experimental Research and Numerical Analysis of CFRP Retrofitted Masonry Triplets under Shear Loading, Polymers, 14 (2022) 3707. DOI:10.3390/polym14183707
[35] G. Pavan, K. Nanjunda Rao, Behavior of Brick–Mortar Interfaces in FRP-Strengthened Masonry Assemblages under Normal Loading and Shear Loading, Journal of materials in Civil Engineering, 28 (2016) 04015120. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001388
[36] W.W. El-Dakhakhni, A.A. Hamid, M. Elgaaly, Seismic retrofit of concrete-masonry-infilled steel frames with glass fiber-reinforced polymer laminates, Journal of Structural Engineering, 130 (2004) 1343-1352. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:9(1343)