Nanoparticles in Focus: Understanding Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
Harishkumar Madhyastha, Remya Varadarajan, Pallavi Baliga
Genotoxicity is the damage caused by substances to genetic material, leading to gene mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, and aberrations. Nanoparticles can have primary or secondary genotoxic effects depending on their interaction with genetic material. Primary genotoxicity occurs when nanoparticles interact directly with the genetic material and proteins without invoking an inflammatory response. Indirect primary genotoxicity which results from the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), can cause structural modifications and inactivation of proteins. NPs can also interfere with the proper functioning of protein kinases involved in cell cycle regulation, leading to aneuploidy and multinucleation. Secondary genotoxicity results from DNA damage induced by free radicals generated by activated inflammatory cells. NPs can induce epigenetic changes in the DNA by altering methylation status, histone modifications, and activation of regulatory miRNAs. They can also impact DNA repair by downregulating repair enzymes and sequestering DNA repair proteins in a “corona” in the nucleoplasm. Metal oxide nanoparticles cause an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, potentially resulting in toxicity or immunological reactions. DNA damage is a crucial stage in carcinogenesis, with ROS regulating cell proliferation through cell-signaling networks.
Keywords
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles, Genotoxicity, Carcinogenecis, ROS, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Cell-Signaling
Published online 12/15/2024, 28 pages
Citation: Harishkumar Madhyastha, Remya Varadarajan, Pallavi Baliga, Nanoparticles in Focus: Understanding Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity, Materials Research Foundations, Vol. 171, pp 251-278, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903339-9
Part of the book on Advances in Healthcare and Nanoparticle Toxicology
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