–
Investigation of the effects of gas-counter-pressure injection molding on the properties and manufacturability of post-consumer recycled polypropylene
BORTOLETTO Anna, BOVO Enrico, SORGATO Marco, LUCCHETTA Giovanni
download PDFAbstract. In contemporary times, the most effective strategy for mitigating the environmental effects of plastics and their manufacturing is recycling. However, producing high-quality items from recycled materials remains a challenge. This study addresses these challenges, specifically focusing on the injection molding process for recycled polypropylene. Key issues identified include poor surface finish of the molded items, mold contamination with oily residues, and strong odors during processing. The proposed solution involves the innovative use of gas counter pressure in conjunction with injection molding. The study explores various nitrogen pressure levels to assess their impact. Findings indicate that an optimal pressure level significantly improves the surface quality of the products and reduces the accumulation of dirt in the mold cavities. While gas counter pressure does not mitigate odor emissions, it represents a promising step forward in developing a high-quality recycled polypropylene compound. This approach could pave the way for more advanced recycling techniques, enhancing the quality of products made from recycled plastics.
Keywords
Gas Counter Pressure, Injection Molding, Recycling, Post-Consumer Polypropylene
Published online 4/24/2024, 10 pages
Copyright © 2024 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA
Citation: BORTOLETTO Anna, BOVO Enrico, SORGATO Marco, LUCCHETTA Giovanni, Investigation of the effects of gas-counter-pressure injection molding on the properties and manufacturability of post-consumer recycled polypropylene, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 41, pp 2730-2739, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903131-299
The article was published as article 299 of the book Material Forming
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
References
[1] European Parliament, Plastic Waste and Recycling in the EU: numbers and figures, 2018.
[2] Plastics Europe and EPRO, Plastics – the Facts 2022, 2022.
[3] J. Hopewell, R. Dvorak, and E. Kosior, Plastics recycling: Challenges and opportunities, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 364, no. 1526. Royal Society, pp. 2115–2126, Jul. 27, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0311
[4] M. K. Eriksen, A. Damgaard, A. Boldrin, and T. F. Astrup, Quality Assessment and Circularity Potential of Recovery Systems for Household Plastic Waste, J Ind Ecol, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 156–168, Feb. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12822
[5] K. Ragaert, L. Delva, and K. Van Geem, Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste, Waste Management, vol. 69. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 24–58, Nov. 01, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.044
[6] A. Schulte, B. Kampmann, and C. Galafton, Measuring the Circularity and Impact Reduction Potential of Post-Industrial and Post-Consumer Recycled Plastics, Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 16, p. 12242, Aug. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612242
[7] H. Dahlbo, V. Poliakova, V. Mylläri, O. Sahimaa, and R. Anderson, Recycling potential of post-consumer plastic packaging waste in Finland, Waste Management, vol. 71, pp. 52–61, Jan. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.033
[8] X. Zhao et al., Plastic waste upcycling toward a circular economy, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 428. Elsevier B.V., Jan. 15, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.131928.
[9] Z. O. G. Schyns and M. P. Shaver, Mechanical Recycling of Packaging Plastics: A Review, Macromolecular Rapid Communications, vol. 42, no. 3. Wiley-VCH Verlag, Feb. 01, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.202000415
[10] A. K. Undas, M. Groenen, R. J. B. Peters, and S. P. J. van Leeuwen, Safety of recycled plastics and textiles: Review on the detection, identification and safety assessment of contaminants, Chemosphere, vol. 312, Jan. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137175
[11] W. Camacho and S. Karlsson, Quality-determination of recycled plastic packaging waste by identification of contaminants by GC–MS after microwave assisted extraction (MAE), Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 123–134, Jan. 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(00)00163-4
[12] X. Zhao, B. Boruah, K. F. Chin, M. Đokić, J. M. Modak, and H. Sen Soo, Upcycling to Sustainably Reuse Plastics, Advanced Materials, vol. 34, no. 25. John Wiley and Sons Inc, Jun. 01, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202100843
[13] J. Hou, G. Zhao, G. Wang, G. Dong, and J. Xu, A novel gas-assisted microcellular injection molding method for preparing lightweight foams with superior surface appearance and enhanced mechanical performance, Mater Des, vol. 127, pp. 115–125, Aug. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.04.073
[14] H. Yokoi, N. Masuda, and H. Mitsuhata, Visualization analysis of flow front behavior during filling process of injection mold cavity by two-axis tracking system, J Mater Process Technol, vol. 130–131, pp. 328–333, Dec. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00742-2
[15] S. C. Chen, Y. W. Lin, R. Der Chien, and H. M. Li, Variable mold temperature to improve surface quality of microcellular injection molded parts using induction heating technology, in Advances in Polymer Technology, 2008, pp. 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.20133
[16] J. Ren, L. Lin, J. Jiang, Q. Li, and S. S. Hwang, Effect of Gas Counter Pressure on the Surface Roughness, Morphology, and Tensile Strength between Microcellular and Conventional Injection-Molded PP Parts, Polymers (Basel), vol. 14, no. 6, Mar. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14061078
[17] S. C. Chen, P. S. Hsu, and S. S. Hwang, The effects of gas counter pressure and mold temperature variation on the surface quality and morphology of the microcellular polystyrene foams, J Appl Polym Sci, vol. 127, no. 6, pp. 4769–4776, Mar. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.37994
[18] F. A. Shutov, Integral/Structural Polymer Foams. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02486-7
[19] M. Sorgato, F. Zanini, D. Masato, and G. Lucchetta, Submicron laser-textured vents for self-cleaning injection molds, J Appl Polym Sci, vol. 137, no. 42, Nov. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.49280
[20] M. Roosen et al., Tracing the origin of VOCs in post-consumer plastic film bales, Chemosphere, vol. 324, May 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138281
[21] K. S. Prado et al., Odor characterization of post-consumer and recycled automotive polypropylene by different sensory evaluation methods and instrumental analysis, Waste Management, vol. 115, pp. 36–46, Sep. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.021
[22] I. Mikonsaari, E. van de Walle, and K. Moser, Physical Recycling of Plastics – Providing Recyclates with Reduced Emissions, Kunststoffe international, vol. 8, 2022, Accessed: Oct. 16, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/430119
[23] Fraunhofer, Extractive extrusion process performed with all provided material classes, 2021. Available: www.creatorproject.eu
[24] A. Cabanes, F. J. Valdés, and A. Fullana, A review on VOCs from recycled plastics, Sustainable Materials and Technologies, vol. 25. Elsevier B.V., Sep. 01, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2020.e00179
[25] N. Otsu, “A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 62–66, Jan. 1979. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310076