Assessment of the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Local Building Materials Stabilised with Gum Arabic in the Drâa-Tafilalet Region, South-East Morocco
Charaf Eddine EL MANSOURI, Amine TILIOUA, Fouad MOUSSAOUI
download PDFAbstract. Morocco enjoys a very remarkable earthen architectural heritage throughout the southeast of the country, earthen constructions which are characterized by its ability to absorb and reject moisture from the indoor air according to the fluctuations of the microclimate of the building guarantees a passive indoor comfort that would save energy. Unfortunately, earthen structures suffer from rapid degradation due to climatic changes (temperature, air humidity, water…). This study concerns mechanical, thermal characterization and durability of compressed earth blocks manufactured (CEB) with clay, gum arabic with different proportions. For this purpose, the mass percentages of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% of gum arabic by contribution to the total mass are retained for this research work. cylindrical bricks of CEB are manufactured to carry out mechanical tests, and those of prismatic form are adapted for the determination of thermal conductivities with the method “house has high insulation”. The use of gum arabic as a binder in construction has given satisfactory results. At a rate of 5% of gum arabic the bricks are associated with a compaction stress of 5.78 MPA for the compressive strength, allow us to obtain CEB with an acceptable mechanical strength and a better resistance to rainwater. In addition, the values of thermal conductivity measured, show that when the rate of gum arabic increases, the thermal conductivity rises. The thermal conductivities of all formulations vary between 0.72 and 1.05 W/(m.K). The durability test carried out on the stabilized and non-stabilized bricks, shows that the specimens not stabilized by gum arabic are totally degraded from 5 min of immersion, On the other hand those stabilized by gum arabic kept their shape more than 5 hours. This study proved the effectiveness of CEB stabilized by gum arabic for use as new sustainable construction materials in the region of Drâa-Tafilalet (southeast of Morocco).
Keywords
Building Materials, Clay, Gum Arabic, Stabilization, Mechanical Characteristics, Thermal Conductivity, Durability
Published online 3/15/2024, 15 pages
Copyright © 2024 by the author(s)
Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC., Millersville PA, USA
Citation: Charaf Eddine EL MANSOURI, Amine TILIOUA, Fouad MOUSSAOUI, Assessment of the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Local Building Materials Stabilised with Gum Arabic in the Drâa-Tafilalet Region, South-East Morocco, Materials Research Proceedings, Vol. 40, pp 64-78, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-7
The article was published as article 7 of the book Mediterranean Architectural Heritage
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
References
[1] D. M. Roodman, N. Lenssen, A building revolution: How ecology and health concerns are transforming construction, Environment International, vol. 21, no. 3, p. 349, Jan. 1995, doi:10.1016/0160-4120(95)90083-7
[2] I. Merini, A. Molina-García, M. S. García-Cascales, M. Mahdaoui, M. Ahachad, Analysis and Comparison of Energy Efficiency Code Requirements for Buildings: A Morocco–Spain Case Study, Energies, vol. 13, no. 22, p. 5979, Nov. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13225979
[3] J. Kneifel, Life-cycle carbon and cost analysis of energy efficiency measures in new commercial buildings, Energy and Buildings, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 333–340, Mar. 2010 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.09.011
[4] U. C. du patrimoine UNESCO, unesco, UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial. Accessed: Jul. 18, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/444/
[5] A. Fabbri, N. Al Haffar, F. McGregor, Measurement of the relative air permeability of compacted earth in the hygroscopic regime of saturation, Comptes Rendus Mécanique, vol. 347, no. 12, pp. 912–919, Dec. 2019 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crme.2019.11.017
[6] T. Morton, Great Britain, Department of Trade and Industry, and Communities Scotland (Agency), Low cost earth brick construction: 2 Kirk Park, Dalguise : monitoring & evaluation : a Partners in innovation research project final report. Edinburgh: Communities Scotland?, 2005.
[7] G. A. Abanto, M. Karkri, G. Lefebvre, M. Horn, J. L. Solis, and M. M. Gómez, Thermal properties of adobe employed in Peruvian rural areas: Experimental results and numerical simulation of a traditional bio-composite material, Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 6, pp. 177–191, Jun. 2017 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2017.02.001
[8] M. Hall and D. Allinson, Analysis of the hygrothermal functional properties of stabilised rammed earth materials, Building and Environment, p. 8, 2009.
[9] B. Khadka and M. Shakya, Comparative compressive strength of stabilized and un-stabilized rammed earth, Mater Struct, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 3945–3955, Sep. 2016 . https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0765-5
[10] G. Minke, Building with Earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture, 2009, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783034612623
[11] H. Van Damme and H. Houben, Earth concrete. Stabilization revisited, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 114, pp. 90–102, Dec. 2018 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.02.035
[12] A. Vissac, A. Bourgès, D. Gandreau, R. Anger, L. Fontaine, argiles & biopolymères – les stabilisants naturels pour la construction en terre, p. 82.
[13] R. Anger and L. Fontaine, Interactions argiles/biopolymères : Patrimoine architectural en terre et stabilisants naturels d’origine animale et végétale, CRAterre‐ENSAG/AE&CC/LRMH, Sep. 2013.
[14] S. Ahmad, M. Ahmad, K. Manzoor, R. Purwar, S. Ikram, A review on latest innovations in natural gums based hydrogels: Preparations & applications, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 136, pp. 870–890, Sep. 2019 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.113
[15] C. Chen, L. Wu, M. Perdjon, X. Huang, Y. Peng, The drying effect on xanthan gum biopolymer treated sandy soil shear strength, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 197, pp. 271–279, Feb. 2019 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.120
[16] A. Soldo, M. Miletić, M. L. Auad, Biopolymers as a sustainable solution for the enhancement of soil mechanical properties, Sci Rep, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 267, Dec. 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57135-x
[17] S. Muguda, Mechanical properties of biopolymer-stabilised soil-based construction materials, Géotechnique Letters, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 309–314, Dec. 2017 . https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.17.00081.
[18] C. Ilhan, G.C. Cho, Geotechnical behavior of a beta-1,3/1,6-glucan biopolymer-treated residual soil, Geomechanics and Engineering, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 633–647, Dec. 2014 . https://doi.org/10.12989/GAE.2014.7.6.633
[19] W. J. Orts, R. E. Sojka, G. M. Glenn, Biopolymer additives to reduce erosion-induced soil losses during irrigation, Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 19–29, Jan. 2000 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00030-8
[20] I. Chang, J. Im, A. K. Prasidhi, G.C. Cho, Effects of Xanthan gum biopolymer on soil strengthening, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 74, pp. 65–72, Jan. 2015 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.026
[21] S. K. Das, M. Mahamaya, I. Panda, K. Swain, Stabilization of Pond Ash using Biopolymer, Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, vol. 11, pp. 254–259, 2015 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2015.06.033
[22] H. Ghasemzadeh, F. Modiri, Application of novel Persian gum hydrocolloid in soil stabilization, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 246, p. 116639, Oct. 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116639
[23] Décret n° 2-12-666 du 17 rejeb 1434, Décret le règlement parasismique pour les constructions en terre et instituant le Comité national des constructions en terre., 2013. . Maroc.
[24] E. Gartner, Industrially interesting approaches to “low-CO2” cements, Cem. Concr. Res. 34,1489–1498, 2004.
[25] D. Ciancio, P. Jaquin, P. Walker, Advances on the assessment of soil suitability for rammed earth. Construction and Building Materials. (2013). 42, 40–47.
[26] climate-data, 2021. [En ligne]. Available: https://fr.climatedata.org/afrique/maroc/errachidia/er-rachidia-37411/. [Accès le 17 09 2021]
[27] A. Ali, R. Benelmir, J.L. Tanguier, A. Saleh , Mechanical properties of gum arabic-stabilized Ndjamena clay, Afrique SCIENCE 13(5) (2017) 330 – 341, 2017.
[28] A. LAWANE, R. VINAI, A. PANTET, J. THOMASSIN, Characterization of laterite stone as building material in Burkina Faso, ournee Scientifique 2IE, 2011.
[29] NF P94-056, 1996. Sols : reconnaissance et essais – Analyse granulométrique – Méthode par tamisage à sec après lavage.
[30] NF P94-057, 1992. Sols : reconnaissance et essais – Analyse granulométrique des sols – Méthode par sédimentation.
[31] NF P94-068, 1998. Sols : reconnaissance et essais -Mesure de la capacité d’adsorption de bleu de méthylène d’un sol ou d’un matériau rocheux-Détermination de la valeur de bleu de méthylène d’un sol ou d’un matériau rocheux par l’essai à la tâche.
[32] NM 13.1.007, 1998. Essai d’identification – Détermination des limites d’Atterberg – limite de plasticité au rouleau – Limite de liquidité à la coupelle.
[33] PHYWE, 2012. P 3.6.03-00, Insulation House, Lab. Exp, PHYWE Series of Publications.
[34] Z. Ben Zaid, A. Tilioua, I. Lamaamar, O. Ansari, H. Souli, M.A. Hamdi Alaoui, An experimental study of the efficacy of integrating a phase change material into a clay-straw wall in the Drâa-Tafilalet Region (Errachidia Province), Morocco. Journal of Building Engineering 32, (2020). 101670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101670
[35] N.F. Medina, D.F. Medina, F. Hernández-Olivares, M.A. Navacerrada, Mechanical and thermal properties of concrete incorporating rubber and fibres from tyre recycling, Construction and Building Materials 144, 563–573. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.196
