Recent Advancement on Ferrite Based Heterojunction for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants: A Review
Pooja Shandilya, Shabnam Sambyal, Rohit Sharma, Amit Kumar, Dai-Viet N. Vo
The progress of ferrites and ferrites-based nanocomposites has become extensively popular in the field of photocatalytic wastewater treatment. This class of compound exhibit several fascinating properties related with their high stability, low cost, ease of functionalization, and biocompatibility. Ferrites carry outstanding magnetic behavior that helps in their easy recovery from the aqueous system thus reducing the cost. The morphology and various properties such as magnetic, absorption, optoelectronic of magnetic ferrites can be varied and optimize by applying different synthetic routes and reaction conditions. With this background we have briefly presented and reviewed the latest development in the field of photodegradation of aqueous pollutants using ferrites based heterojunction. Especially, the type-II, Z-scheme and S-scheme based heterojunction for enhanced pollutant degradation under the exposure of light are thoroughly describe. Ferrites have inherent potential in water remediation applications hence many examples were consider to impart valuable knowledge to the readers. Nevertheless, the large-scale utilization of these magnetic nanoparticles still needs to be explored. Therefore, the gaps, challenges and future prospective of ferrites nanoparticles are also explained to unveil the un-scrutinized standard of ferrites nanoparticles.
Keywords
Ferrite Photocatalyst, Degradation, Heterojunction, Organic Pollutant, Z-Scheme, S-Scheme
Published online , 41 pages
Citation: Pooja Shandilya, Shabnam Sambyal, Rohit Sharma, Amit Kumar, Dai-Viet N. Vo, Recent Advancement on Ferrite Based Heterojunction for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants: A Review, Materials Research Foundations, Vol. 112, pp 121-161, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644901595-3
Part of the book on Ferrite
References
[1] E. Casbeer, VK. Sharma, XZ. Li, Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of ferrites under visible light: a review, Separation and Purification Technology, 87 (2012) 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.11.034
[2] M. Ismael, Ferrites as solar photocatalytic materials and their activities in solar energy conversion and environmental protection: A review, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 219 (2021) 110786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110786
[3] A. Kumar, G. Sharma, M. Naushad, H. Ala’a, A. Kumar, I. Hira, T. Ahamad, AA. Ghfar, FJ. Stadler, Visible photodegradation of ibuprofen and 2, 4-D in simulated waste water using sustainable metal free-hybrids based on carbon nitride and biochar, Journal of environmental management, 231 (2019) 1164-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.015
[4] P. Shandilya, A. Sudhaik, P. Raizada, A. Hosseini-Bandegharaei, P. Singh, A. Rahmani-Sani, V.Thakur, AK. Saini, Synthesis of eu3+− doped zno/bi2o3 heterojunction photocatalyst on graphene oxide sheets for visible light-assisted degradation of 2, 4-dimethyl phenol and bacteria killing, Solid State Sciences, 102 (2020) 106164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2020.106164
[5] PA. Raizada, S. Singh. Hybrid metal oxide semiconductors for waste water treatment, Environ Sci Eng, 4 (2017) 187-206.
[6] V. Binas, D. Venieri, D. Kotzias, G. Kiriakidis, Modified TiO2 based photocatalysts for improved air and health quality, Journal of Materiomics, 3(1) (2017) 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2016.11.002
[7] A. Kumar, A. Kumar, G. Sharma, H. Ala’a, M. Naushad, AA. Ghfar, C. Guo, FJ. Stadler, Biochar-templated g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO3/CoFe2O4 nano-assembly for visible and solar assisted photo-degradation of paraquat, nitrophenol reduction and CO2 conversion, Chemical Engineering Journal, 339 (2018) 393-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.01.105
[8] P. Dhiman, S. Sharma, A. Kumar, M. Shekh, G. Sharma, M. Naushad, Rapid visible and solar photocatalytic Cr (VI) reduction and electrochemical sensing of dopamine using solution combustion synthesized ZnO–Fe2O3 nano heterojunctions: mechanism Elucidation. Ceramics International, 46(8) (2020) 12255-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.01.275
[9] P. Shandilya, D. Mittal, M. Soni, P. Raizada, A. Hosseini-Bandegharaei, AK. Saini, P. Singh, Fabrication of fluorine doped graphene and SmVO4 based dispersed and adsorptive photocatalyst for abatement of phenolic compounds from water and bacterial disinfection, Journal of Cleaner Production, 203 (2018) 386-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.271
[10] P. Shandilya, D. Mittal, A. Sudhaik, M. Soni, P. Raizada, AK. Saini, P. Singh. GdVO4 modified fluorine doped graphene nanosheets as dispersed photocatalyst for mitigation of phenolic compounds in aqueous environment and bacterial disinfection, Separation and Purification Technology, 210 (2019) 804-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.08.077
[11] P. Shandilya, D. Mittal, M. Soni, P. Raizada, JH. Lim, DY. Jeong, RP. Dewedi, AK. Saini, P. Singh, Islanding of EuVO4 on high-dispersed fluorine doped few layered graphene sheets for efficient photocatalytic mineralization of phenolic compounds and bacterial disinfection, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 93 (2018) 528-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2018.08.034
[12] R. Suresh, S. Rajendran, PS. Kumar, DV. Vo, L. Cornejo-Ponce, Recent advancements of spinel ferrite based binary nanocomposite photocatalysts in wastewater treatment, Chemosphere, 274 (2021) 129734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129734
[13] A. Kumar, A. Kumar, G. Sharma, H. Ala’a, M. Naushad, AA. Ghfar, FJ. Stadler, Quaternary magnetic BiOCl/g-C3N4/Cu2O/Fe3O4 nano-junction for visible light and solar powered degradation of sulfamethoxazole from aqueous environment, Chemical Engineering Journal, 334 (2018) 462-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.10.049
[14] J. Liu, B. Wang, Z. Li, Z. Wu, K. Zhu, J. Zhuang, Q. Xi, Y. Hou, J. Chen, M. Cong, J. Li, Photo-Fenton reaction and H2O2 enhanced photocatalytic activity of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles obtained by a simple decomposition route, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 771 (2019) 398-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.08.305
[15] P. Shandilya, P. Raizada, A. Sudhaik, A. Saini, R. Saini, P. Singh, Metal and Carbon Quantum Dot Photocatalysts for Water Purification, In Water Pollution and Remediation: Photocatalysis (2021) (pp. 81-118). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54723-3_3
[16] M. Dhiman, R. Sharma, V. Kumar, S. Singhal, Morphology controlled hydrothermal synthesis and photocatalytic properties of ZnFe2O4 nanostructures, Ceramics International, 42(11) (2016) 12594-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.04.115
[17] AG. Abraham, A. Manikandan, E. Manikandan, S. Vadivel, SK. Jaganathan, A. Baykal, PS. Renganathan, Enhanced magneto-optical and photo-catalytic properties of transition metal cobalt (Co2+ ions) doped spinel MgFe2O4 ferrite nanocomposites Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 452 (2018) 380-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.01.001
[18] AA. Al-Ghamdi, FS. Al-Hazmi, LS. Memesh, FS. Shokr, LM. Bronstein, Evolution of the structure, magnetic and optical properties of Ni1− xCuxFe2O4 spinel ferrites prepared by soft mechanochemical method. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 712 (2017) 82-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.04.052
[19] A. Ashok, LJ. Kennedy, JJ. Vijaya, Structural, optical and magnetic properties of Zn1-xMnxFe2O4 (0≤ x≤ 0.5) spinel nano particles for transesterification of used cooking oil, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 780 (2019)816-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.11.390
[20] AB. Nawale, NS. Kanhe, SA. Raut, SV. Bhoraskar, AK. Das, VL. Mathe, Investigation of structural, optical and magnetic properties of thermal plasma synthesized Ni-Co spinel ferrite nanoparticles, Ceramics International, 43(9) (2017) 6637-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.02.022
[21] A. Lassoued, MS. Lassoued, B. Dkhil, S. Ammar, A. Gadri, Substituted effect of Al3+ on structural, optical, magnetic and photocatalytic activity of Ni ferrites, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 476 (2019) 124-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.12.062
[22] MA. Almessiere, Y. Slimani, H. Gungunes, A. Manikandan, A. Baykal, Investigation of the effects of Tm3+ on the structural, microstructural, optical, and magnetic properties of Sr hexaferrites, Results in Physics, 13 (2019) 102166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102166
[23] C. Murugesan, K. Ugendar, L. Okrasa, J. Shen, G. Chandrasekaran, Zinc substitution effect on the structural, spectroscopic and electrical properties of nanocrystalline MnFe2O4 spinel ferrite. Ceramics International, 47(2) (2021) 1672-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.08.284
[24] S. Ida, K. Yamada, T. Matsunaga, H. Hagiwara, Y. Matsumoto, T. Ishihara. Preparation of p-type CaFe2O4 photocathodes for producing hydrogen from water, Journal of the american chemical society, 132(49) (2010) 17343-5. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja106930f
[25] S. Boumaza, A. Boudjemaa, A. Bouguelia, R. Bouarab, M. Trari, Visible light induced hydrogen evolution on new hetero-system ZnFe2O4/SrTiO3, Applied Energy, 87(7) (2010) 2230-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.12.016
[26] X. Yuan, H. Wang, Y. Wu, X. Chen, G. Zeng, L. Leng, C. Zhang, A novel SnS2–MgFe2O4/reduced graphene oxide flower-like photocatalyst: Solvothermal synthesis, characterization and improved visible-light photocatalytic activity, Catalysis Communications, 61 (2015) 62-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2014.12.003
[27] Y. Xia, Z. He, J. Su, B. Tang, K. Hu, Y. Lu, S. Sun, X. Li, Fabrication of magnetically separable NiFe2O4/BiOI nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible-light irradiation, RSC advances, 8(8) (2018) 4284-94. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA12546A
[28] R. Cheng, X. Fan, M. Wang, M. Li, J. Tian, L. Zhang, Facile construction of CuFe2O4/g-C3N4 photocatalyst for enhanced visible-light hydrogen evolution, Rsc Advances, 6(23) (2016) 18990-5. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA27221A
[29] X. Wang, N. Zhang, G. Wang, Visible light Bi2S3/BiFeO3 photocatalyst for effective removal of Rhodamine B, InMATEC Web of Conferences (2018) (Vol. 238, p. 03007). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823803007
[30] HY. Hafeez, SK. Lakhera, N. Narayanan, S. Harish, Y. Hayakawa, BK. Lee, B. Neppolian, Environmentally sustainable synthesis of a CoFe2O4–TiO2/rGO ternary photocatalyst: a highly efficient and stable photocatalyst for high production of hydrogen (solar fuel), ACS omega, 4(1) (2019) 880-91. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b03221
[31] Z. Liu, ZG. Zhao, M. Miyauchi, Efficient visible light active CaFe2O4/WO3 based composite photocatalysts: effect of interfacial modification, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113(39) (2009) 17132-7. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp906195f
[32] A. Kumari, A. Kumar, G. Sharma, J. Iqbal, M. Naushad, FJ. Stadler, Constructing Z-scheme LaTiO2N/g-C3N4@ Fe3O4 magnetic nano heterojunctions with promoted charge separation for visible and solar removal of indomethacin, Journal of Water Process Engineering, 36 (2020) 101391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101391
[33] A. Kumar, G. Sharma, M. Naushad, T. Ahamad, RC. Veses, FJ. Stadler, Highly visible active Ag2CrO4/Ag/BiFeO3@ RGO nano-junction for photoreduction of CO2 and photocatalytic removal of ciprofloxacin and bromate ions: the triggering effect of Ag and RGO, Chemical Engineering Journal. 370 (2019) 148-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.196
[34] A. Kumar, G. Sharma, M. Naushad, A. Kumar, S. Kalia, C. Guo, GT. Mola, Facile hetero-assembly of superparamagnetic Fe3O4/BiVO4 stacked on biochar for solar photo-degradation of methyl paraben and pesticide removal from soil. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 337 (2017) 118-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.01.010
[35] P. Shandilya, P. Raizada, P. Singh, Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes in Water, In Water Pollution and Remediation: Photocatalysis (2021) 119-146 Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54723-3_4
[36] A.Guleria, R. Sharma, P. Shandilya, Photocatalytic and Adsorptional Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water using Nanohybrids. Photocatalysis: Advanced Materials and Reaction Engineering. 100 (2021) 113-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644901359-4
[37] Singh P, Gautam S, Shandilya P, Priya B, Singh VP, Raizada P. Graphene bentonite supported ZnFe2O4 as superparamagnetic photocatalyst for antibiotic degradation, Adv. Mater. Lett, 8(3) (2017) 229-38. DOI: 10.5185/amlett.2017.1467
[38] TN. Pham, TQ. Huy, AT. Le, Spinel ferrite (AFe2O4)-based heterostructured designs for lithium-ion battery, environmental monitoring, and biomedical applications, RSC Advance, 10(52) (2020) 31622-61. https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra05133k
[39] FG. Da Silva, J. Depeyrot, AF. Campos, R. Aquino, D. Fiorani, D. Peddis, Structural and Magnetic Properties of Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles. Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, 19(8) (2019) 4888-902. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1436/1/012144
[40] Q. Li, CW. Kartikowati, S. Horie, T. Ogi, T. Iwaki, K. Okuyama, Correlation between particle size/domain structure and magnetic properties of highly crystalline Fe3O4 nanoparticles, Scientific reports, 7(1) (2017) 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09897-5
[41] M. Kumar, HS. Dosanjh, J. Singh, K. Monir, H. Singh, Review on magnetic nanoferrites and their composites as alternatives in waste water treatment: synthesis, modifications and applications, Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 6(3) (2020) 491-514. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EW00858F
[42] K. Ahalya, N. Suriyanarayanan, V. Ranjithkumar, Effect of cobalt substitution on structural and magnetic properties and chromium adsorption of manganese ferrite nano particles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 372 (2014) 208-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.07.030
[43] R. Liu, H. Fu, H. Yin, P. Wang, L. Lu, Y. Tao, A facile sol combustion and calcination process for the preparation of magnetic Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanopowders and their adsorption behaviors of Congo red, Powder technology, 274 (2015) 418-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2015.01.045
[44] NM. Mahmoodi, Surface modification of magnetic nanoparticle and dye removal from ternary systems, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 27 (2015) 251-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.12.042
[45] H. Wang, S. Jia, H. Wang, B. Li, W. Liu, N. Li, J. Qiao, CZ. Li, A novel-green adsorbent based on betaine-modified magnetic nanoparticles for removal of methyl blue. Science Bulletin, 62(5) (2017) 319-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2017.01.038
[46] N. Guijarro, P. Bornoz, M. Prévot, X. Yu, X. Zhu, M. Johnson, X. Jeanbourquin,,F. Le Formal, K. Sivula, Evaluating spinel ferrites MFe2O4 (M= Cu, Mg, Zn) as photoanodes for solar water oxidation: prospects and limitations, Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 2(1) (2018)103-17. https://doi.org/10.1149/MA2017-01/32/1523
[47] A. Kezzim, N. Nasrallah, A. Abdi, M. Trari, Visible light induced hydrogen on the novel hetero-system CuFe2O4/TiO2, Energy Conversion and Management, 52(8-9) (2011) 2800-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2011.02.014
[48] MJ. Kang, H. Yu, W. Lee, HG. Cha, Efficient Fe2O3/Cg-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst prepared by facile one-step carbonizing process, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 130 (2019) 93-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2019.02.017
[49] Q. Huo, X. Qi, J. Li, G. Liu, Y. Ning, X. Zhang, B. Zhang, Y. Fu, S. Liu, Preparation of a direct Z-scheme α-Fe2O3/MIL-101 (Cr) hybrid for degradation of carbamazepine under visible light irradiation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 255 (2019) 117751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.117751
[50] M. Amiri, M. Salavati-Niasari, A. Akbari, Magnetic nanocarriers: evolution of spinel ferrites for medical applications, Advances in colloid and interface science, 265 (2019) 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.01.003
[51] D. Maiti, A. Saha, PS. Devi, Surface modified multifunctional ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles for hydrophobic and hydrophilic anti-cancer drug molecule loading, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 18(3) (2016) 1439-50. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP05840F
[52] I. Sharifi, H. Shokrollahi, S. Amiri, Ferrite-based magnetic nanofluids used in hyperthermia applications, Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials, 324(6) (2012) 903-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.10.017
[53] CE. Demirci Dönmez, PK. Manna, R. Nickel, S. Aktürk, J. van Lierop, Comparative heating efficiency of cobalt-, manganese-, and nickel-ferrite nanoparticles for a hyperthermia agent in biomedicines, ACS applied materials & interfaces, 11(7) (2019) 6858-66. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b22600
[54] S. Ebrahimisadr, B. Aslibeiki, R. Asadi, Magnetic hyperthermia properties of iron oxide nanoparticles: The effect of concentration, Physica C: Superconductivity and its applications, 549 (2018) 119-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2018.02.014
[55] J. Lu, CV. Ngo, SC. Singh, J. Yang, W. Xin, Z. Yu, C. Guo. Bioinspired hierarchical surfaces fabricated by femtosecond laser and hydrothermal method for water harvesting. Langmuir, 35(9) (2019) 3562-7. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04295
[56] LK. Wu, H. Wu, HB. Zhang, HZ. Cao, GY. Hou, YP. Tang, GQ, Zheng. Graphene oxide/CuFe2O4 foam as an efficient absorbent for arsenic removal from water, Chemical Engineering Journal, 334 (2018) 1808-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.096
[57] T. Gao, Z. Chen, F. Niu, D. Zhou, Q. Huang, Y. Zhu, L. Qin, X. Sun, Y. Huang, Shape-controlled preparation of bismuth ferrite by hydrothermal method and their visible-light degradation properties, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 648 (2015) 564-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.07.059
[58] R. Koutavarapu, MR. Tamtam, CR. Myla, M. Cho, J. Shim, Enhanced solar-light-driven photocatalytic properties of novel Z-scheme binary BiPO4 nanorods anchored onto NiFe2O4 nanoplates: Efficient removal of toxic organic pollutants. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 102 (2021) 326-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2020.09.021
[59] S. Gautam, P. Shandilya, VP. Singh, P. Raizada, P. Singh, Solar photocatalytic mineralization of antibiotics using magnetically separable NiFe2O4 supported onto graphene sand composite and bentonite. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 14(86) (2016) 100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2016.10.008
[60] M. Golshan, B. Kakavandi, M. Ahmadi, M. Azizi, Photocatalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate by TiO2 anchored on cupper ferrite (TiO2@ CuFe2O4) into 2, 4-D degradation: Process feasibility, mechanism and pathway, Journal of hazardous materials, 359(2018) 325-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.069
[61] HS. Mund, BL. Ahuja, Structural and magnetic properties of Mg doped cobalt ferrite nano particles prepared by sol-gel method, Materials Research Bulletin, 85 (2017) 228-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.09.027
[62] J. Guo, L. Jiang, J. Liang, W. Xu, H. Yu, J. Zhang, S. Ye, W. Xing, X. Yuan, Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics using delafossite silver ferrite-based Z-scheme photocatalyst: Pathways and mechanism insight, Chemosphere, 270 (2021) 128651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105524
[63] J. Revathi, MJ. Abel, V. Archana, T. Sumithra, R .Thiruneelakandan. Synthesis and characterization of CoFe2O4 and Ni-doped CoFe2O4 nanoparticles by chemical Co-precipitation technique for photo-degradation of organic dyestuffs under direct sunlight. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 587 (2020) 412136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2020.412136
[64] K. Tezuka, M. Kogure, YJ. Shan, Photocatalytic degradation of acetic acid on spinel ferrites MFe2O4 (M= Mg, Zn, and Cd), Catalysis Communications, 48 (2014) 11-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2014.01.016
[65] AB. Kulkarni, SN. Mathad, Effect of Sintering Temperature on Structural Properties of Cd doped Co-Zn Ferrite. Journal of Nano-and Electronic Physics, 10 (2018) (1). https://doi.org/10.21272/jnep.10(1).01001
[66] VJ. Angadi, B. Rudraswamy, K. Sadhana, SR. Murthy, K. Praveena, Effect of Sm3+–Gd3+ on structural, electrical and magnetic properties of Mn–Zn ferrites synthesized via combustion route, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 656 (2016) 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.09.222
[67] MS. Cortés, A. Martinez-Luevanos, LA. García-Cerda, OS. Rodriguez-Fernandez, AF. Fuentes, J. Romero-García, SM, Montemayor Nanostructured pure and substituted cobalt ferrites: fabrication by electrospinning and study of their magnetic properties, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 653 (2015) 290-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.08.262
[68] L. Lv, Y. Wang, P. Cheng, B. Zhang, F. Dang, L. Xu, Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis synthesis of three-dimensional ZnFe2O4-based macroporous spheres for excellent sensitive acetone gas sensor, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 297 (2019) 126755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.126755
[69] GY. Zhao, LJ. Liu, JR. Li, Q. Liu, Efficient removal of dye MB: through the combined action of adsorption and photodegradation from NiFe2O4/Ag3PO4, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 664 (2016) 169-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.01.004
[70] A.Sudhaik, P. Raizada, P. Shandilya, P. Singh, Magnetically recoverable graphitic carbon nitride and NiFe2O4 based magnetic photocatalyst for degradation of oxytetracycline antibiotic in simulated wastewater under solar light, Journal of environmental chemical engineering, 6(4) (2018) 3874-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.05.039
[71] C. Cai, J. Liu, Z. Zhang, Y. Zheng, H. Zhang, Visible light enhanced heterogeneous photo-degradation of Orange II by zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) catalyst with the assistance of persulfate, Separation and Purification Technology, 165 (2016) 42-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.03.026
[72] E. Ferdosi, H. Bahiraei, D. Ghanbari. Investigation the photocatalytic activity of CoFe2O4/ZnO and CoFe2O4/ZnO/Ag nanocomposites for purification of dye pollutants. Separation and Purification Technology, 211 (2019) 35-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.09.054
[73] M. Sundararajan, V. Sailaja, LJ. Kennedy, JJ. Vijaya, Photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B under visible light using nanostructured zinc doped cobalt ferrite: kinetics and mechanism. Ceramics International, 43(1) (2017) 540-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.09.191
[74] A. Ren, C. Liu, Y. Hong, W. Shi, S. Lin, P. Li, Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity for antibiotic degradation using magnetic NiFe2O4/Bi2O3 heterostructures, Chemical engineering journal, 258 (2014) 301-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.07.071
[75] A. Behera, D. Kandi, S. Sahoo, K Parida, Construction of isoenergetic band alignment between CdS QDs and CaFe2O4@ZnFe2O4 heterojunction: A promising ternary hybrid toward norfloxacin degradation and H2 energy production. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 123 (2019) 17112-126. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b03296
[76] J. Low, C. Jiang, B. Cheng, S. Wageh, AA. Al‐Ghamdi, J. Yu, A review of direct Z‐scheme photocatalysts, Small Methods, 1(5) (2017) 1700080. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201700080
[77] A.J. Bard, Photoelectrochemistry and heterogeneous photocatalysis at semiconductor, Journal of photochemistry, 10(1) (1979) 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2670(79)80037-4
[78] H. Tada, T. Mitsui, T. Kiyonaga, T. Akita, K. Tanaka, All-solid-state Z-scheme in CdS-Au-TiO2 three component nanojunction system, Nature Material, 5(10) (2006) 782-786. 10.1038/nmat1734.
[79] J. Yu, S. Wang, J. Low, W. Xiao, Enahnced photocatalytic performance of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4-TiO2 photocatalysts for the decomposition of formaldehyde in air, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 15 (2013) 16883-16889. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CP53131G
[80] Q. Liu, J. Cao, Y. Ji, X. Li, W. Li, Y. Zhu, X. Liu, J. Li, J. Yang, Y. Yang, Construction of a direct Z-scheme ZnS quantum dot (QD)-Fe2O3 QD heterojunction/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic activity, Applied Surface Science, 506 (2020) 144922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144922
[81] J. Wang, C. Li, J. Cong, Z. Liu, H. Zhang, M. Liang, J. Gao, S. Wang, J. Yao, Facile synthesis of nanorod-type graphitic carbon nitride/Fe2O3 composite with enhanced photocatalytic performance, Journal of Solid-State Chemistry, 238 (2016) 246-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2016.03.042
[82] R. Koutavarapu, MR. Tamtam, CR. Myla, M. Cho, J. Shim, Enhanced solar-light-driven photocatalytic properties of novel Z-scheme binary BiPO4 nanorods anchored onto NiFe2O4 nanoplates: Efficient removal of toxic organic pollutants, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 102 (2021) 326-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2020.09.021
[83] P. Mishra, A. Behera, D. Kandi, S. Ratha, K. Parida, Novel magnetic retrievable visible-light-driven ternary Fe3O4@NiFe2O4/phosphorus-doped g-C3N4 nanocomposite photocatalyst with significantly enhanced activity through a double-Z-scheme system, Inorganic chemistry, 59(7) (2020) 4255-72. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02996
[84] S. Balu, S. Velmurugan, S. Palanisamy, SW. Chen, V. Velusamy, TC. Yang, ES. El-Shafey, Synthesis of α-Fe2O3 decorated g-C3N4/ZnO ternary Z-scheme photocatalyst for degradation of tartrazine dye in aqueous media, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 99 (2019) 258-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2019.03.011
[85] Q. Xu, L. Zhang, B. Cheng, J. Fan, J. Yu. S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst, Chem, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2020.06.010
[86] Fu J, Xu Q, Low J, Jiang C, Yu J, Ultrathin 2D/2D WO3/g-C3N4 step-scheme H2-production photocatalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 243 (2019) 556-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.11.011
[87] A. Meng, B. Cheng, H. Tan, J. Fan, C. Su, J. Yu, TiO2/polydopamine S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst with enhanced CO2-reduction selectivity, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 289 (2021) 120039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120039
[88] J. Wang, Q. Zhang, F. Deng, X. Luo, DD, Dionysiou, Rapid toxicity elimination of organic pollutants by the photocatalysis of environment-friendly and magnetically recoverable step-scheme SnFe2O4/ZnFe2O4 nano-heterojunctions, Chemical Engineering Journal, 379 (2020) 122264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122264
[89] Z. Dai, Y. Zhen, Y. Sun, L. Li, D. Ding, ZnFe2O4/g-C3N4 S-scheme photocatalyst with enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic activity for uranium (VI) removal, Chemical Engineering Journal, 415 (2021) 129002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129002
[90] B. Palanivel, M. Lallimathi, B. Arjunkumar, M. Shkir, T. Alshahrani, KS. Al-Namshah, MS. Hamdy, S. Shanavas, M. Venkatachalam, G. Ramalingam, rGO supported g-C3N4/CoFe2O4 heterojunction: Visible-light-active photocatalyst for effective utilization of H2O2 to organic pollutant degradation and OH radicals production, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(1) (2021) 104698 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104698
[91] A. Shukla, AK. Bhardwaj, BK. Pandey, SC. Singh, KN. Uttam, J. Shah, RK. Kotnala, R. Gopal, Laser synthesized magnetically recyclable titanium ferrite nanoparticles for photodegradation of dyes, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 28(20) (2017) 15380-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-7423-3
[92] SA. Jadhav, SB. Somvanshi, MV. Khedkar, SR. Patade, KM. Jadhav, Magneto-structural and photocatalytic behavior of mixed Ni–Zn nano-spinel ferrites: visible light-enabled active photodegradation of rhodamine B, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 31 (2020) 11352-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157996
[93] H. Liu, H. Hao, J. Xing, J. Dong, Z. Zhang, Z. Zheng, K. Zhao, Enhanced photocatalytic capability of zinc ferrite nanotube arrays decorated with gold nanoparticles for visible light-driven photodegradation of rhodamine B, Journal of materials science, 51(12) (2016) 5872-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-9888-5
[94] PP. Hankare, RP. Patil, AV. Jadhav, KM. Garadkar, R. Sasikala, Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methyl red and thymol blue using titania–alumina–zinc ferrite nanocomposite, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 107(3-4) (2011) 333-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.07.033
[95] P. Xiong, Q. Chen, M. He, X. Sun, X. Wang, Cobalt ferrite–polyaniline heteroarchitecture: a magnetically recyclable photocatalyst with highly enhanced performances, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(34) (2012) 17485-93. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2JM31522J
[96] TB. Nguyen, RA. Doong, Heterostructured ZnFe2O4/TiO2 nanocomposites with a highly recyclable visible-light-response for bisphenol A degradation, RSC Advances, 7(79) (2017) 50006-16. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA08271A
[97] F. He, Z. Lu, M. Song, X. Liu, H. Tang, P. Huo, W. Fan, H.Dong, X. Wu, S.Han, Selective reduction of Cu2+ with simultaneous degradation of tetracycline by the dual channels ion imprinted POPD-CoFe2O4 heterojunction photocatalyst, Chemical Engineering Journal, 360 (2019) 750-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.12.034
[98] KK. Das, S.Patnaik, S. Mansingh, A. Behera, A. Mohanty, C. Acharya, KM. Parida, Enhanced photocatalytic activities of polypyrrole sensitized zinc ferrite/graphitic carbon nitride nn heterojunction towards ciprofloxacin degradation, hydrogen evolution and antibacterial studies, Journal of colloid and interface science, 561 (2020) 551-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.11.030
[99] B. Li, C. Lai, G. Zeng, L. Qin, H. Yi, D. Huang, C. Zhou, X. Liu, M. Cheng, P. Xu, C. Zhang, Facile hydrothermal synthesis of Z-scheme Bi2Fe4O9/Bi2WO6 heterojunction photocatalyst with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity, ACS applied materials & interfaces, 10(22) (2018) 8824-36. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b06128
[100] L. Li, CG. Niu, H. Guo, J. Wang, M. Ruan, L. Zhang, C. Liang, HY. Liu, YY. Yang, Efficient degradation of Levofloxacin with magnetically separable ZnFe2O4/NCDs/Ag2CO3 Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst: Vis-NIR light response ability and mechanism insight. Chemical Engineering Journal, 383 (2020) 123192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123192
[101] S. Chen, D. Huang, G. Zeng, X. Gong, W. Xue, J. Li, Y. Yang, C. Zhou, Z. Li, X. Yan, T. Li, Modifying delafossite silver ferrite with polyaniline: Visible-light-response Z-scheme heterojunction with charge transfer driven by internal electric field, Chemical Engineering Journal, 370 (2019) 1087-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.282
[102] W. Wang, N. Li, K. Hong, H. Guo, R. Ding, Z. Xia, Z-scheme recyclable photocatalysts based on flower-like nickel zinc ferrite nanoparticles/ZnO nanorods: enhanced activity under UV and visible irradiation, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 777(2019) 1108-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.11.075
