Recent advances in Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation
A. Saravanan, P. Senthil Kumar
Nitrogen fixation is a standout amongst the most significant concoction responses in the biological system of our planet. Under the regularly pressure of the petroleum product exhaustion emergency and anthropogenic worldwide environmental change with ceaseless CO2 emanation in the 21st century, examine focusing on the union of NH3 under gentle conditions in an economical and condition agreeable way is lively and flourishing. Thusly, the focal point of this survey is the cutting edge designing of effective photocatalysts for dinitrogen (N2) obsession toward NH3 amalgamation. Creating green and feasible techniques for NH3 combination under surrounding conditions, utilizing sustainable power source, is firmly wanted, by both modern and logical scientists. Photosynthesis for ammonia synthesis, which has as of late pulled in noteworthy consideration, straightforwardly creates NH3 from daylight, and N2 and H2O by means of photocatalysis. Photocatalysts containing copious surface oxygen-opportunities and coordinative unsaturated metal locales have been demonstrated to be equipped for actuating N2 reduction under fitting photoexcitation. A few impetus materials are examined which incorporate metal oxides, metals sulfides, carbon-based impetuses, and metal nitrides which are for the most part right now being sought after for their better use of their synergist property towards nitrogen fixation. This chapter portrays the photocatalytic reduction systems of nitrate towards unwanted items (nitrite, ammonium) and the more alluring item (dinitrogen).
Keywords
Photocatalysis, Nitrogen Fixation, Ammonia Synthesis, Co-Catalyst, Nitrite
Published online 4/1/2021, 15 pages
Citation: A. Saravanan, P. Senthil Kumar, Recent advances in Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation, Materials Research Foundations, Vol. 100, pp 193-207, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644901359-6
Part of the book on Photocatalysis
References
[1] V. Rosca, M. Duca, M.T. de Groot, M.T. Koper, Nitrogen cycle electrocatalysis, Chem. Rev. 109 (2009) 2209-2244. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr8003696
[2] D.E. Canfield, A.N. Glazer, P.G. Falkowski, The evolution and future of Earth’s nitrogen cycle, Science 330 (2010) 192-196. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1186120
[3] X. Chen, N. Li, Z. Kong, W-J. Ong, X. Zhao, Photocatalytic fixation of nitrogen to ammonia: state-of-the-art advancements and future prospects, Mater. Horiz. 5 (2017) 9-27. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7MH00557A
[4] C. Guo, J. Ran, A. Vasileff, S-Z. Qiao, Rational design of electrocatalysts and photo(electro)catalysts for nitrogen reduction to ammonia (NH3) under ambient conditions, Energy Environ. Sci. 11 (2018) 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE02220D
[5] C. Na, G.F. Zheng, Aqueous electrocatalytic N2 reduction under ambient conditions, Nano Res. 11 (2018) 2992-3008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-018-1987-y
[6] F. Wen, C. Li, Hybrid artificial photosynthetic systems comprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimetic complexes as molecular Cocatalysts, Acc. Chem. Res. 46 (2013) 2355-2364. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar300224u
[7] H. Li, J. Shang, Z. Ai, L. Zhang, Efficient visible light nitrogen fixation with BiOBr nanosheets of oxygen vacancies on the exposed {001} facets, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 (2015) 6393-6399. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b03105
[8] Y. Sun, S. Gao, F. Lei, Y. Xie, Atomically-thin two-dimensional sheets for understanding active sites in catalysis, Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 (2015) 623-636. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00236A
[9] H. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Xie, J. Zhang, P. Ma, B. Pan, Y. Xie, Structural distortion in graphitic-C3N4 realizing an efficient photoreactivity, Nanoscale, 7 (2015) 5152-5156. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR07645A
[10] R. Li, Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation: An attractive approach for artificial photocatalysis, Chinese J. Catal. 39 (2018) 1180-1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(18)63104-3
[11] D. Zhu, L. Zhang, R.E. Ruther, R.J. Hamers, Photo-illuminated diamond as a solid-state source of solvated electrons in water for nitrogen reduction, Nat. Mater. 12 (2013) 836-841. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3696
[12] X. Gao, L. An, D. Qu, W. Jiang, Y. Chai, S. Sun, X. Liu, Z. Sun, Enhanced photocatalytic N2 fixation by promoting N2 adsorption with a co-catalyst, Science Bulletin, (2019) In press Accepted. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2019.05.009
[13] G.N. Schrauzer, T.D. Guth, Photolysis of water and photoreduction of nitrogen on titanium dioxide, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99 (1977) 7189-7193. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00464a015
[14] A.J. Medford, M.C. Hatzell, Photon-Driven nitrogen fixation: current progress, thermodynamic considerations, and future outlook, ACS catalysis, 7 (2017) 2624-2643. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b00439
[15] T. Hisatomi, J. Kubota, K. Domen, Recent advances in semiconductors for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting, Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 (2014) 7520-7535. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60378D
[16] X.X. Chang, T. Wang, J.L. Gong, CO2 photo-reduction: Insights into CO2 activation and reaction on surfaces of photocatalysts, Energy Environ. Sci. 9 (2016) 2177-2196. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE00383D
[17] W.B. Hou, S.B. Cronin, A review of surface plasmon resonance enhanced photocatalysis, Adv. Funct. Mater. 23 (2013) 1612–1619. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201202148
[18] H. Hirakawa, M. Hashimoto, Y. Shiraishi, T. Hirai, Photocatalytic conversion of nitrogen to ammonia with water on surface oxygen vacancies of titanium dioxide, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 (2017) 10929-10936. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b06634
[19] Y. Bai, L.Q. Ye, T. Chen, L. Wang, X. Shi, X. Zhang, D. Chen, Facet-dependent photocatalytic N2 fixation of bismuth-rich Bi5O7I nanosheets, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8 (2016) 27661-27668. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b08129
[20] T. Xiong, W. Cen, Y. Zhang, F. Dong, Bridging the g-C3N4 interlayers for enhanced photocatalysis, ACS Catal. 6 (2016) 2462-2472. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b02922
[21] S.Z. Hu, X. Chen, Q. Li, F.Y. Li, Z.P. Fan, H. Wang, Y.J. Wang, B.H. Zheng, G. Wu, Fe3+ doping promoted N2 photofixation ability of honeycombed graphitic carbon nitride: The experimental and density functional theory simulation analysis, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 201 (2017) 58-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.08.002
[22] S. Wang, X. Yang, H. Hou, X. Ding, S. Li, F. Deng, Y. Xiang, H. Chen, Highly efficient visible light induced photocatalytic activity of a novel in situ synthesized conjugated microporous poly (benzothiadiazole)–C3N4 composite, Catal. Sci. Technol. 7 (2017) 418-426. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CY02006B
[23] D.C. Hurum, A.G. Agrios, K.A. Gray, T. Rajh, M.C. Thurnauer, Explaining the enhanced photocatalytic activity of Degussa P25 mixed-phase TiO2 using EPR, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107 (2003) 4545-4549. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0273934
[24] T.A. Kandiel, L. Robben, A. Alkaim, D. Bahnemann, Brookite versus anatase TiO2 photocatalysts: Phase transformations and photocatalytic activities, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 12 (2013) 602-609. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2PP25217A
[25] A.N. Banerjee, The design, fabrication, and photocatalytic utility of nanostructured semiconductors: focus on TiO2-based nanostructures, Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl. 4 (2011) 35-65. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S9040
[26] K. Tennakone, S. Punchihewa, R. Tantrigoda, Nitrogen photoreduction with cuprous chloride coated hydrous cuprous oxide, Sol. Energy Mater. 18 (1989) 217-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1633(89)90055-5
[27] Y. Hu, X. Gao, L. Yu, Y. Wang, J. Ning, S. Xu, X.W. Lou, Carbon-coated CdS petalous nanostructures with enhanced photostability and photocatalytic activity, Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, 52 (2013) 5636 – 5645. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201301709
[28] Y. Cao, S. Hu, F. Li, Z. Fan, J. Bai, G. Lu, Q. Wang, Photofixation of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia with a novel ternary metal sulfide catalyst under visible light, RSC Adv. 6 (2016) 49862. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA08247E
[29] X. Jin, L. Ye, H. Xie, G. Chen, Bismuth-rich bismuth oxyhalides for environmental and energy photocatalysis, Coord. Chem. Rev. 349 (2017) 84-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2017.08.010
