Versatile Applications of Degradable Plastic

Versatile Applications of Degradable Plastic

Anan Ashrabi Ananno, Sami Ahbab Chowdhury, Mahadi Hasan Masud, Peter Dabnichki

In the last 50 years, plastics has become a favorite industry for packaging materials for their ease of manufacture and excellent performance. The advancement of food, electronics, automobile, medical and agricultural industries has increased the demand for packaging and casing materials made of large hydrocarbon polymers. Since plastics show resistance to biodegradation, they pose considerable threats to the environment. Degradable plastics and biopolymers offer promising solutions to this problem. Degradable plastics can be easily absorbed in the environment while exhibiting the properties of conventional plastics. There are three types of biopolymers according to their source: biomass extracted polymers, synthesized from microorganisms and produced from bio-derived monomers. Biodegradable plastics are commonly used in one-off packaging such as crockery, food service containers and cutlery. Although biodegradable plastics can replace conventional plastics in a lot of applications, their performance and cost are sometimes problematic. This chapter analyses the growth of the degradable plastic industry and explores their potential applications.

Keywords
Degradable Plastic, Plastic Waste, Industrial, Agricultural, Consumer, Energy, Waste Management

Published online 4/1/2021, 31 pages

Citation: Anan Ashrabi Ananno, Sami Ahbab Chowdhury, Mahadi Hasan Masud, Peter Dabnichki, Versatile Applications of Degradable Plastic, Materials Research Foundations, Vol. 99, pp 238-268, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644901335-10

Part of the book on Degradation of Plastics

References
[1] N. Newaj and M. H. Masud, Utilization of waste plastic to save the environment, in International conference on mechanical, industrial and energy engineering, KUET, Bangladesh,(2014), pp. 1–4
[2] R. Geyer, J. R. Jambeck, and K. L. Law, Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made, Sci. Adv. (2017), vol. 3, no. 7, p. e1700782, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782
[3] P. P. Klemchuk, Degradable plastics: A critical review, Polym. Degrad. Stab. (1990), vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 183–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(90)90108-J
[4] A. G. Buekens and H. Huang, Catalytic plastics cracking for recovery of gasoline-range hydrocarbons from municipal plastic wastes, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (1998), vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 163–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(98)00025-1
[5] L. S. Dilkes-Hoffman, S. Pratt, P. A. Lant, and B. Laycock, The role of biodegradable plastic in solving plastic solid waste accumulation, Plastics to Energy (2019), pp. 469–505, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813140-4.00019-4
[6] M. Mourshed, M. H. Masud, F. Rashid, and M. U. H. Joardder, Towards the effective plastic waste management in Bangladesh: a review, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. (2017), vol. 24, no. 35, pp. 27021–27046, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0429-9
[7] Gaelle Gourmel, Global Plastic Production Rises, Recycling Lags | Project AWARE, Published online at projectaware.org(2012), retrieved from: https://www.projectaware.org/update/global-plastic-production-rises-recycling-lags (Accessed: 9 January, 2020)
[8] EPRO, Plastics – the Facts 2016, An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data, Published online at plasticseurope.org (2016),retrieved from: https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/4315/1310/4805/plastic-the-fact-2016.pdf (Accessed: 10 January, 2020)
[9] Masud, M.H., Akram, W., Ahmed, A., Ananno, A.A., Mourshed, M., Hasan, M., Joardder, M.U.H., “Towards the effective E-waste management in Bangladesh: A review”, Environmental Science and pollution research, Springer, Vol. 26, no. (2), 2019,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3626-2
[10] D. Hoornweg and P. Bhada-Tata, What a waste: a global review of solid waste management, vol. 15. World Bank, Washington, DC (2012), retrieved from:https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17388 (Accessed: 11 January, 2020)
[11] D. Hoornweg, P. Bhada-Tata, and C. Kennedy, Environment: Waste production must peak this century, Nat. News (2013), vol. 502, no. 7473, p. 615, https://doi.org/10.1038/502615a
[12] J. R. Jambeck et al., Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean, Science (2015), vol. 347, no. 6223, pp. 768–771, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260352
[13] D. E. MacArthur, D. Waughray, and M. R. Stuchtey, The New Plastics Economy, Rethinking the Future of Plastics, in World Economic Forum (2016), retrieved from: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_New_Plastics_Economy.pdf (Accessed: 8 January, 2020)
[14] A. L. Andrady, Persistence of plastic litter in the oceans, in Marine anthropogenic litter, in: M. Bergmann, L. Gutow, M. Klages (Eds.), Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Springer,2015, pp. 57–72
[15] S. Mangaraj, T. K. Goswami, S. K. Giri, and M. K. Tripathi, Permselective MA packaging of litchi (cv. Shahi) for preserving quality and extension of shelf-life, Postharvest Biol. Technol. (2012), vol. 71, pp. 1–12, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2012.04.007
[16] S. Mangaraj, T. K. Goswami, S. K. Giri, and C. G. Joshy, Design and development of modified atmosphere packaging system for guava (cv. Baruipur), J. Food Sci. Technol. (2014), vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 2925–2946, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-012-0860-3
[17] S. Mangaraj, T. K. Goswami, and P. V Mahajan, Applications of plastic films for modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables: a review, Food Eng. Rev. (2009), vol. 1, no. 2, p. 133, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12393-009-9007-3
[18] G. L. Robertson, Food Packaging, Principles and Practice, CRC. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2006
[19] J.-D. Gu, D. B. Mitton, T. E. Ford, and R. Mitchell, Microbial degradation of polymeric coatings measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Biodegradation (1998), vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 39–45, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008252301377
[20] H. Webb, J. Arnott, R. Crawford, and E. Ivanova, Plastic degradation and its environmental implications with special reference to poly (ethylene terephthalate), Polymers (2013)., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–18, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym5010001
[21] S. Imam, G. Glenn, B.-S. Chiou, J. Shey, R. Narayan, and W. Orts, Types, production and assessment of biobased food packaging materials, in Environment compatible food packaging (2008), pp. 29–62, https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845694784.1.29
[22] A. N. Malathi, K. S. Santhosh, and N. Udaykumar, Recent trends of Biodegradable polymer: Biodegradable films for Food Packaging and application of Nanotechnology in Biodegradable Food Packaging, Curr. Trends Technol. Sci. (2014), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 73–79, https://doi.org/10.1.1.428.8076
[23] S. Doppalapudi, A. Jain, W. Khan, and A. J. Domb, Biodegradable polymers—an overview, Polym. Adv. Technol. (2014), vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 427–435, https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.3305
[24] C. J. Weber, Biobased packaging materials for the food industry: status and perspectives, a European concerted action,Published online at biodeg.net (2000), retrieved from: https://www.biodeg.net/fichiers/Book%20on%20biopolymers%20(Eng).pdf (Accessed:13 January, 2020)
[25] S. Mangaraj, T. K. Goswami, and D. K. Panda, Modeling of gas transmission properties of polymeric films used for MA packaging of fruits, J. Food Sci. Technol. (2015), vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 5456–5469, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1682-2
[26] S. Guilbert, B. Cuq, and C. Bastioli, Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, Shropshire, UK Rapra Technol. Ltd., 2005
[27] S. Mangaraj, A. Yadav, L. M. Bal, S. K. Dash, and N. K. Mahanti, Application of Biodegradable Polymers in Food Packaging Industry: A Comprehensive Review, J. Packag. Technol. Res. (2019), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 77–96, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41783-018-0049-y
[28] J. W. Park, S. S. Im, S. H. Kim, and Y. H. Kim, Biodegradable polymer blends of poly (L‐lactic acid) and gelatinized starch, Polym. Eng. Sci. (2000), vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 2539–2550, https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.11384
[29] W. Y. Jang, B. Y. Shin, T. J. Lee, and R. Narayan, Thermal properties and morphology of biodegradable PLA/starch compatibilized blends, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. (2007), vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 457–464, retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f2ef/9771eba63175b68e42ba9a37122416a9d088.pdf (Accessed:14 January, 2020)
[30] R. A. Auras, S. P. Singh, and J. J. Singh, Evaluation of oriented poly (lactide) polymers vs. existing PET and oriented PS for fresh food service containers, Packag. Technol. Sci. An Int. J. (2005), vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 207–216, https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.692
[31] K. Leja and G. Lewandowicz, Polymer Biodegradation and Biodegradable Polymers-a Review, Polish J. Environ. Stud. (2020), vol. 19, no. 2, retrieved from: https://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~damlacetin/kmu407/index_dosyalar/2.%20makale.pdf (Accessed:15 January, 2020)
[32] L. Avérous and E. Pollet, Environmental silicate nano-biocomposites. Springer, 2012
[33] M. G. A. Vieira, M. A. da Silva, L. O. dos Santos, and M. M. Beppu, Natural-based plasticizers and biopolymer films: A review, Eur. Polym. J. (2011), vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 254–263, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.12.011
[34] M. A. Trainer and T. C. Charles, The role of PHB metabolism in the symbiosis of rhizobia with legumes, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2006), vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 377–386, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-006-0354-1
[35] M. D. Sanchez-Garcia, A. Lopez-Rubio, and J. M. Lagaron, Natural micro and nanobiocomposites with enhanced barrier properties and novel functionalities for food biopackaging applications, Trends in Food Sci. Technol. (2010), vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 528–536, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2010.07.008
[36] A. Steinbüchel and B. Füchtenbusch, Bacterial and other biological systems for polyester production, Trends Biotechnol. (1998), vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 419–427, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(98)01194-9
[37] N. Galego, C. Rozsa, R. Sánchez, J. Fung, A. Vázquez, and J. Santo Tomas, Characterization and application of poly (β-hydroxyalkanoates) family as composite biomaterials, Polym. Test. (2000), vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 485–492, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(99)00011-2
[38] Y. Tokiwa and T. Raku, “Biodegradable polylactide resin composition.” Google Patents, Jan-2006
[39] E. C. Tweed, H. M. Stephens, and T. E. Riegert, Polylactic acid blown film and method of manufacturing same. Google Patents, Mar-2012
[40] Q. Xu, Biodegradable packaging materials with enhanced oxygen barrier performance. Google Patents, Jun-2011
[41] C. A. Lauzier, C. J. Monasterios, I. Saracovan, R. H. Marchessault, and B. A. Ramsay, Film formation and paper coating with poly ([beta]-hydroxyalkanoate), a biodegradable latex, Tappi Journal(1993), ISSN 0734-1415, vol. 76, no. 5, OSTI ID: 6428520
[42] W. Babel, V. Riis, and E. Hainich, Mikrobielle Thermpolaste: Biosyntheses, Eigenschaften und Anwendung, Plaste und Kautschuk (1990), vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 109–115, retrieved from: https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=19252951 (Accessed:20 January, 2020)
[43] R. Smith, Biodegradable polymers for industrial applications. CRC Press, Florida, United States, 2005
[44] G. Chen, G. Zhang, S. Park, and S. Lee, Industrial scale production of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate), Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2001), vol. 57, no. 1–2, pp. 50–55, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530100755
[45] S. Pilla, Handbook of bioplastics and biocomposites engineering applications, vol. 81. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, United States, 2011
[46] Y. Ikada, Interfacial biocompatibility, ACS Publications, Washington, D.C., United States, 1994
[47] S. Manandhar, Bioresorbable polymer blend scaffold for tissue engineering, Published online at unt.edu, 2011, vol. 50, no. 3, retrieved from: https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark%3A/67531/metadc68008/m2/1/high_res_d/thesis.pdf (Accessed:14 January, 2020)
[48] C.-C. Chu, J. A. Von Fraunhofer, and H. P. Greisler, Wound closure biomaterials and devices. CRC Press, Florida, United States, 1996
[49] R. Langer and M. Chasin, Biodegradable polymers as drug delivery systems, Informa Health Care, London, United Kingdom, 1990
[50] M. Asano et al., Application of poly DL-lactic acids of varying molecular weight in drug delivery systems, Drug Des. Deliv. (1990), vol. 5, pp. 301–320
[51] Y. Tabata, Tissue regeneration based on tissue engineering technology, Congenital Anomolies (2004), vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 111-124, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4520.2004.00024.x
[52] I. Kyrikou and D. Briassoulis, Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films: a critical review, J. Polym. Environ. (2007), vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 125–150, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-007-0053-8
[53] Y. Ohtake, T. Kobayashi, H. Asabe, and N. Murakami, Studies on biodegradation of LDPE—observation of LDPE films scattered in agricultural fields or in garden soil, Polym. Degrad. Stab. (1998), vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 79–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00032-3
[54] E. Chiellini, A. Corti, S. D’Antone, and R. Baciu, Oxo-biodegradable carbon backbone polymers–Oxidative degradation of polyethylene under accelerated test conditions, Polym. Degrad. Stab. (2006), vol. 91, no. 11, pp. 2739–2747, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.03.022
[55] J. Walendziewski and M. Steininger, Thermal and catalytic conversion of waste polyolefines, Catal. Today (2001), vol. 65, no. 2–4, pp. 323–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00568-X
[56] P. T. Benavides, P. Sun, J. Han, J. B. Dunn, and M. Wang, Life-cycle analysis of fuels from post-use non-recycled plastics, Fuel (2017), vol. 203, pp. 11–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.070
[57] M. U. H. Joardder, P. K. Halder, M. A. Rahim, and M. H. Masud, Solar Pyrolysis: Converting Waste Into Asset Using Solar Energy, in Clean Energy for Sustainable Development (2017), pp. 213–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805423-9.00008-9
[58] A. R. Nabi, M. H. Masud, and Q. M. I. Alam, Purification of TPO (Tire Pyrolytic Oil) and its use in diesel engine, IOSR J. Eng. (2014), vol. 4, no. 3, p. 1, https://doi.org/10.9790/3021-04320108
[59] V. Belgiorno, G. De Feo, C. Della Rocca, and R. M. A. Napoli, Energy from gasification of solid wastes, Waste Manag. (2003), vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00149-6
[60] D. S. Scott, S. R. Czernik, J. Piskorz, and D. S. A. G. Radlein, Fast pyrolysis of plastic wastes, Energy & Fuels (1990), vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 407–411, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00022a013
[61] M. Sarker, A. Kabir, M. M. Rashid, M. Molla, and A. S. M. D. Mohammad, Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE-1) Conversioninto Liquid Fuel, J. Fundam. Renew. Energy Appl. (2011), vol. 1, https://doi.org/10.4303/jfrea/R101202
[62] G. Elordi et al., Catalytic pyrolysis of HDPE in continuous mode over zeolite catalysts in a conical spouted bed reactor, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis (2009), vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 345–351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2008.10.015
[63] S. Kumar, R. Prakash, S. Murugan, and R. K. Singh, Performance and emission analysis of blends of waste plastic oil obtained by catalytic pyrolysis of waste HDPE with diesel in a CI engine, Energy Convers. Manag. (2013), vol. 74, pp. 323–331,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.05.028
[64] R. P. Singh, V. V Tyagi, T. Allen, M. H. Ibrahim, and R. Kothari,“An overview for exploring the possibilities of energy generation from municipal solid waste (MSW) in Indian scenario, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. (2011), vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 4797–4808, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.071
[65] L. Tang, H. Huang, H. Hao, and K. Zhao, Development of plasma pyrolysis/gasification systems for energy efficient and environmentally sound waste disposal, J. Electrostat. (2013), vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 839–847, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2013.06.007
[66] Anh Panh, How we can turn plastic waste into green energy, Published online at theconversation.com, (2016),retrieved from: https://theconversation.com/how-we-can-turn-plastic-waste-into-green-energy-104072 (Accessed: 21 January, 2020)
[67] A. Sanlisoy and M. O. Carpinlioglu, A review on plasma gasification for solid waste disposal, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy (2017), vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 1361–1365, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.008
[68] H. Huang and L. Tang, Treatment of organic waste using thermal plasma pyrolysis technology, Energy Convers. Manag. (2007), vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 1331–1337, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006.08.013
[69] L. H. Yee and L. J. R. Foster, Polyhydroxyalkanoates as packaging materials: current applications and future prospects, in I. Roy, Visakh P M (Eds.), Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) based Blends, Composites and Nanocomposites, Royal Society of Chemistry, United Kingdom, 2014, vol. 30, p. 183
[70] M. R. Yates and C. Y. Barlow, Life cycle assessments of biodegradable, commercial biopolymers—A critical review, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (2013), vol. 78, pp. 54–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.06.010
[71] D. D. Cornell, Biopolymers in the existing postconsumer plastics recycling stream, J. Polym. Environ. (2007), vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 295–299, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-007-0077-0
[72] A. Soroudi and I. Jakubowicz, Recycling of bioplastics, their blends and biocomposites: A review, Eur. Polym. J. (2013), vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 2839–2858, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.07.025
[73] X. Yang, K. Odelius, M. Hakkarainen, Microwave-assisted reaction in green solvents recycles PHB to functional chemicals, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. (2014), vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 2198–2203, https://doi.org/10.1021/sc500397h
[74] J. Myung et al., Disassembly and reassembly of polyhydroxyalkanoates: Recycling through abiotic depolymerization and biotic repolymerization, Bioresour. Technol. (2014), vol. 170, pp. 167–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.105
[75] H. Ariffin, H. Nishida, M. A. Hassan, Y. Shirai, Chemical recycling of polyhydroxyalkanoates as a method towards sustainable development, Biotechnol. J. (2010), vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 484–492, https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.200900293
[76] European Bioplastics, What are Bioplastics?, Published online at european-bioplastics.org(2018), retrieved from: https://docs.european-bioplastics.org/publications/fs/EuBP_FS_What_are_bioplastics.pdf (Accessed: 23 January, 2020)
[77] S. Tracy, Humans Have Produced a Whopping 9 Billion Tons of Plastic, Published online at livescience.com(2017), retrieved from: https://www.livescience.com/59862-humans-have-produced-9-billion-tons-of-plastic.html (Accessed: 15 January, 2020)
[78] H. Ritchie and M. Roser, Plastic Pollution, Published online at OurWorldInData.org (2020), retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution (Accessed: 6 January,2020)
[79] M. Weiland, A. Daro, and C. David, Biodegradation of thermally oxidized polyethylene, Polym. Degrad. Stab. (1995), vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 275–289, https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(95)00040-S
[80] J. V Gulmine, P. R. Janissek, H. M. Heise, and L. Akcelrud, Degradation profile of polyethylene after artificial accelerated weathering, Polym. Degrad. Stab. (2003), vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 385–397, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00338-5
[81] J. K. Pandey and R. P. Singh, UV-Irradiated Biodegradability of Ethylene− Propylene Copolymers, LDPE, and I-PP in Composting and Culture Environments, Biomacromolecules (2001), vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 880–885, https://doi.org/10.1021/bm010047s
[82] E. M. Nakamura, L. Cordi, G. S. G. Almeida, N. Duran, and L. H. I. Mei, Study and development of LDPE/starch partially biodegradable compounds, J. Mater. Process. Technol. (2005), vol. 162, pp. 236–241, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.02.007
[83] E. Chiellini, A. Corti, and G. Swift, Biodegradation of thermally-oxidized, fragmented low-density polyethylenes, Polym. Degrad. Stab. (2003), vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 341–351, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00105-8
[84] J. M. Morancho et al., Calorimetric and thermogravimetric studies of UV-irradiated polypropylene/starch-based materials aged in soil, Polym. Degrad. Stab. (2006), vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 44–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.029
[85] R. D. Stapleton, D. C. Savage, G. S. Sayler, and G. Stacey, Biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in an extremely acidic environment, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (1998), vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 4180–4184, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.64.11.4180-4184.1998
[86] B. K. Sharma, B. R. Moser, K. E. Vermillion, K. M. Doll, and N. Rajagopalan, Production, characterization and fuel properties of alternative diesel fuel from pyrolysis of waste plastic grocery bags, Fuel Process. Technol. (2014), vol. 122, pp. 79–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.01.019
[87] S. M. Alston, A. D. Clark, J. C. Arnold, and B. K. Stein, Environmental Impact of Pyrolysis of Mixed WEEE Plastics Part 1: Experimental Pyrolysis Data, Environ. Sci. Technol. (2011), vol. 45, no. 21, pp. 9380–9385, https://doi.org/10.1021/es201664h
[88] M. Sarker, M. M. Rashid, and M. Molla, Waste Plastic Conversion into Hydrocarbon Fuel Materials, J. Environ. Sci. Eng. (2011), vol. 5, no. 5, https://doi.org/10.1080/01998595.2011.10389018
[89] P. T. Williams and E. Slaney, Analysis of products from the pyrolysis and liquefaction of single plastics and waste plastic mixtures, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (2007), vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 754–769, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.12.002
[90] Y.-H. Lin, K.-K. Chen, and J.-H. Chiu, Coprescription of Chinese Herbal Medicine and Western Medications among Prostate Cancer Patients: A Population-Based Study in Taiwan, Evidence-Based Complement. Altern. Med. (2012), vol. 2012, p. 147015, https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/147015
[91] Y. Uemichi, J. Nakamura, T. Itoh, M. Sugioka, A. A. Garforth, and J. Dwyer, Conversion of Polyethylene into Gasoline-Range Fuels by Two-Stage Catalytic Degradation Using Silica− Alumina and HZSM-5 Zeolite, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. (1999), vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 385–390, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980341+
[92] N. Miskolczi, A. Angyal, L. Bartha, and I. Valkai, Fuels by pyrolysis of waste plastics from agricultural and packaging sectors in a pilot scale reactor, Fuel Process. Technol. (2009), vol. 90, no. 7, pp. 1032–1040, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.04.019
[93] Ananno, A. A., Masud, M.H., Dabnichki, P., Ahmed, A., Design assnd Numerical Analysis of a Hybrid Geothermal PCM Flat Plate Solar Collector Dryer for Developing Countries, Solar Energy (2019), vol. 196, pp. 270-286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.11.069
[94] Masud, M.H., Ananno, A. A., Ahmed, N.U., Dabnichki, P., Salehin K.N., Experimental investigation of a novel Waste Heat based Food Drying System, J. of Food Eng. (2020), vol. 281,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110002
[95] Masud, M.H., Ananno, A. A., Arefin, A M E, Ahamed, R., Das, P., Joardder, M.U.H., Perspective of Biomass Energy Conversion in Bangladesh, Clean Tech. and Env. Policy (2019), vol. 21, pp. 719-931,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-019-01668-2
[96] Masud, M.H., Nuruzzaman, M., Ahamen, R., Ananno, A. A., Tomal, A. A., Renewable Energy in Bangladesh: Current Situation and Future Prospect, International Journal of Sustainable Energy (2019), vol. 39, n. 2, pp. 132-175, https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2019.1659270
[97] Masud, M.H., Islam, T., Joardder, M.U.H., Ananno, A. A., Dabnichki, P., CFD analysis of a tube-in-tube heat exchanger to recover waste heat for food drying, International Journal of Energy and Water Resources (2019), vol. 3, pp. 169-186, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-019-00032-w
[98] Ananno, A. A., Masud, M.H., Chowdhury, S. A., Dabnichki, P., Ahmed, N., Arefin, A M E, Sustainable food waste management model for Bangladesh, Sustainable Production and Consumption (2021), vol. 27, pp. 35-51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.022
[99] Ananno, A. A., Masud, M.H., Dabnichki, P., Mahjabeen, M., Chowdhury, S. A., Survey and analysis of consumers’ behaviour for electronic waste management in Bangladesh, J. of Env. Management (2021), vol. 282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111943